one child

līber, ĕra, ĕrum (old form, loebesum et loebertatem antiqui dicebant liberum et libertatem. Ita Graeci loibên et leibein, Paul. ex Fest. p. 121 Müll.; cf. 2. Liber), adj. [Gr. root liph-, liptô, to desire; cf. Sanscr. lub-dhas, desirous; Lat. libet, libido], that acts according to his own will and pleasure, is his own master; free, unrestricted, unrestrained, unimpeded, unshackled; independent, frank, open, bold (opp. servus, servilis).

In gen.; constr. absol., with ab, the abl., and poet. also with gen.

Absol.:

dictum est ab eruditissimis viris, nisi sapientem liberum esse neminem. Quid est enim libertas? Potestas vivendi ut velis,

Cic. Par. 5, 1, 33:

an ille mihi liber, cui mulier imperat, cui leges imponit, praescribit, jubet, vetat? etc.,

id. ib. 5, 2, 36:

ad scribendi licentiam liber,

id. N. D. 1, 44, 123:

agri immunes ac liberi,

Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 69, § 166:

integro animo ac libero causam defendere,

unprejudiced, unbiased, id. Sull. 31, 86:

liberi ad causas solutique veniebant,

not under obligations, not bribed, id. Verr. 2, 2, 78 § 192; cf.:

libera lingua,

Plaut. Cist. 1, 2, 9:

cor liberum,

id. Ep. 1, 2, 43:

vocem liberam mittere adversus aliquem,

Liv. 35, 32, 6:

libera verba animi proferre,

Juv. 4, 90: judicium [p. 1057] audientium relinquere integrum ac liberum, Cic. Div. 2, 72, 150:

aliquid respuere ingenuo liberoque fastidio,

id. Brut. 67, 236:

libero tempore, cum soluta nobis est eligendi optio,

id. Fin. 1, 10, 33:

tibi uni vexatio direptioque sociorum impunita fuit ac libera,

id. Cat. 1, 7, 18:

pars quaestionum vaga et libera et late patens,

id. de Or. 2, 16, 67:

liberum arbitrium eis populo Romano permittente,

Liv. 31, 11 fin.; cf. id. 37, 1, 5:

mandata,

full powers, unlimited authority, id. 37, 56; 38, 8:

fenus,

unlimited, id. 35, 7: custodia, free custody (i. e. confinement to a house or to a town), id. 24, 45; Vell. 1, 11, 1;

v. custodia, II.: legatio, v. legatio: suffragia,

the right of voting freely, Juv. 8, 211:

locus,

free from intruders, undisturbed, secure, Plaut. Poen. 1, 1, 49; 3, 2, 25; id. Cas. 3, 2, 4: aedes, a free house, free dwelling (assigned to the use of ambassadors of friendly nations during their stay in Rome), Liv. 30, 17 fin.; 35, 23; 42, 6:

lectulus,

i. e. not shared with a wife, Cic. Att. 14, 13, 5: toga ( poet. for virilis toga), a man's (prop. of one who is his own master), Ov. F. 3, 771:

vestis,

id. ib. 3, 777:

libera omnia sibi servare,

to reserve to one's self full liberty, Plin. Ep. 1, 5.— Comp.:

hoc liberiores et solutiores sumus, quod, etc.,

Cic. Ac. 2, 3, 8:

est finitimus oratori poëta, numeris astrictior paulo, verborum licentia liberior,

id. de Or. 1, 16, 70:

liberiores litterae,

id. Att. 1, 13, 1:

amicitia remissior esse debet et liberior et dulcior,

freer, more unrestrained, more cheerful, id. Lael. 18 fin.:

paulo liberior sententia,

Quint. 4, 2, 121:

liberior in utramque partem disputatio,

id. 7, 2, 14:

fusiores liberioresque numeri,

id. 9, 4, 130:

officia liberiora plenioraque,

id. 6, 1, 9:

(flumina) campo recepta Liberioris aquae,

freer, less impeded, Ov. M. 1, 41; cf.:

(Tiberinus) campo liberiore natat,

freer, opener, id. F. 4, 292:

liberiore frui caelo,

freer, opener, id. M. 15, 301.— Sup.:

liberrimum hominum genus, comici veteres tradunt, etc.,

the frankest, most free-spoken, Quint. 12, 2, 22; cf.:

liberrime Lolli,

most frank, most ingenuous, Hor. Ep. 1, 18, 1:

indignatio,

id. Epod. 4, 10.—

Free or exempt from, void of; with ab:

Mamertini vacui, expertes, soluti ac liberi fuerunt ab omni sumptu, molestia, munere,

Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 10, § 23; cf.:

(consul) solutus a cupiditatibus, liber a delictis,

id. Agr. 1, 9, 27:

ab observando homine perverso liber,

id. Att. 1, 13, 2:

liber a tali irrisione Socrates, liber Aristo Chius,

id. Ac. 2, 39, 123:

ab omni animi perturbatione liber,

id. Off. 1, 20, 67; id. N. D. 2, 21, 55:

loca abdita et ab arbitris libera,

id. Att. 15, 16, B:

libera a ferro crura,

Ov. P. 1, 6, 32:

animus liber a partibus rei publicae,

Sall. C. 4.—

With abl.:

animus omni liber curā et angore,

free from, without, Cic. Fin. 1, 15:

animus religione,

Liv. 2, 36:

animus cogitationibus aliis,

Quint. 11, 2, 35:

mens omnibus vitiis,

id. 12, 1, 4; cf.:

liberis odio et gratia mentibus,

id. 5, 11, 37:

omni liber metu,

Liv. 7, 34:

liber invidia,

Quint. 12, 11, 7:

equus carcere,

Ov. Am. 2, 9, 20.—

With gen. ( poet.):

liber laborum,

Hor. A. P. 212:

fati gens Lydia,

Verg. A. 10, 154:

curarum,

Luc. 4, 384. — Comp.:

liberior campi,

having a wider space, Stat. S. 4, 2, 24.—

Liberum est, with subject-clause:

quam (opinionem) sequi magis probantibus liberum est,

it is free, permitted, allowable, Quint. 6, 3, 112; Plin. Ep. 1, 8:

dies eligere certos liberum erat,

Plin. 30, 2, 6, § 16.—So in abl. absol.:

libero, quid firmaret mutaretve,

Tac. A. 3, 60.

In partic.

Free, in a social point of view, not a slave (opp. servus;

also to ingenuus): neque vendendam censes quae libera est,

Ter. Ad. 2, 1, 40; cf. id. ib. v. 28:

dis habeo gratiam quom aliquot affuerunt liberae, because slaves were not permitted to testify,

id. And. 4, 4, 32; opp. ingenuus, free-born:

quid ea? ingenuan' an festucā facta e servā liberast?

Plaut. Mil. 1, 1, 14:

in jure civili, qui est matre liberā, liber est,

Cic. N. D. 3, 18, 45; id. Caecin. 36, 96:

si neque censu, neque vindictā, nec testamento liber factus est (servus), non est liber,

id. Top. 2, 10:

quae (assentatio) non modo amico, sed ne libero quidem digna est,

of a freeman, id. Lael. 24, 89; Quint. 11, 1, 43:

liberorum hominum alii ingenui sunt, alii libertini,

Gai. Inst. 1, 10; cf. sqq.: ex ancilla et libero jure gentium servus nascitur, id. ib. 1, 82; cf. § 85; Paul. Sent. 2, 24, 1 sqq.—

Free, in a political point of view;

said both of a people not under monarchical rule and of one not in subjection to another people,

Cic. Rep. 1, 32, 48; cf.:

ut ex nimia potentia principum oritur interitus principum, sic hunc nimis liberum populum libertas ipsa servitute afficit,

id. ib. 1, 44, 68:

liber populus,

id. ib. 3, 34, 46:

(Demaratus) vir liber ac fortis,

democratic, republican, fond of liberty, id. ib. 2, 19, 34:

civitates liberae atque immunes,

free from service, Liv. 37, 55:

provinciae civitatesque liberae,

Suet. Vesp. 8:

libera ac foederata oppida,

id. Calig. 3:

Roma patrem patriae Ciceronem libera dixit,

Juv. 8, 244.—

In a bad sense, esp. with reference to sensual pleasure, unbridled, unchecked, unrestrained, licentious:

quam liber harum rerum multarum siet (Juppiter),

Plaut. Am. prol. 105:

adulescens imprudens et liber,

Ter. Eun. 3, 1, 40; cf.:

sit adulescentia liberior,

somewhat freer, Cic. Cael. 18, 42:

amores soluti et liberi,

id. Rep. 4, 4, 4:

consuetudo peccandi,

id. Verr. 2, 3, 76, § 177.—Hence, adv.: lībĕrē, freely, unrestrictedly, without let or hinderance; frankly, openly, boldly:

qui nihil dicit, nihil facit, nihil cogitat denique, nisi libenter ac libere,

Cic. Par. 5, 1, 34:

animus somno relaxatus solute movetur et libere,

id. Div. 2, 48, 100:

respirare,

id. Quint. 11, 39:

constanter et libere (me gessi),

id. Att. 4, 16, 9:

consilium dare,

id. Lael. 13, 44:

aliquid magis accusatorie quam libere dixisse,

id. Verr. 2, 2, 72, § 176:

omnia libere fingimus et impune,

Quint. 6, 1, 43:

ut ingredi libere (oratio), non ut licenter videatur errare,

Cic. Or. 23, 77.— Comp.:

liberius vivendi fuit potestas,

Ter. And. 1, 1, 23:

loqui,

Cic. Planc. 13, 33:

fortius liberiusque defendere,

Quint. 12, 1, 21:

liberius si Dixero quid,

Hor. S. 1, 4, 103:

maledicere,

id. ib. 2, 8, 37:

longius et liberius exseritur digitus,

Quint. 11, 3, 92; cf. id. 11, 3, 97:

ipsaque tellus Omnia liberius, nullo poscente, ferebat,

freely, of itself, spontaneously, Verg. G. 1, 127.

līber, ĕri ( gen. plur. liberūm, Att. ap. Cic. Tusc. 3, 9; Turp. ap. Non. 495, 26; Cic. Verr. 2, 1, 15, § 40; 2, 1, 30, § 77; Tac. A. 2, 38; 3, 25 saep.; cf. Cic. Or. 46, 155;

but also: liberorum,

Cic. Verr. 2, 1, 30, § 76; 2, 5, 42, § 109), m. [1. liber], a child.

Sing. (post-class. and rare):

si quis maximam portionem libero relinquat,

Cod. Just. 3, 28, 33; 5, 9, 8 fin.; Quint. Decl. 2, 8.—

Plur., children (freq.; but in class. Lat. only of children with reference to their parents: pueri = children in general, as younger than adulescentes; cf. Krebs, Antibarb. p. 657 sq.).

Lit.: liberorum genus, Enn. ap. Cic. Or. 46, 155 (Trag. v. 347 Vahl.): liberorum sibi quaesendum gratia, id. ap. Fest. p. 258 Müll. (Trag. v. 161 Vahl.):

cum conjugibus et liberis,

Cic. Att. 8, 2, 3:

eum ex C. Fadii filiā liberos habuisse,

id. ib. 16, 11, 1:

liberos procreare,

id. Tusc. 5, 37, 109:

suscipere liberos,

id. Verr. 2, 3, 69, § 161:

per liberos te precor,

Hor. Epod. 5, 5:

dulces,

id. ib. 2, 40:

parvuli,

Quint. 2, 15, 8;

opp. parentes,

id. 11, 1, 82; 3, 7, 18; 26; 6, 1, 18; 6, 5 al.: mater quae liberos, quasi oculos (amisit), orba est, Sulp. ap. Paul. ex Fest. p. 182 Müll.: jus trium liberorum, under the emperors, a privilege enjoyed by those who had three legitimate children (it consisted in the permission to fill a public office before one's twenty-fifth year, and in freedom from personal burdens); this privilege was sometimes also bestowed on those who had fewer than three children, or even none at all; also of one child:

non est sine liberis, cui vel unus filius unave filia est,

Dig. 50, 16, 148; Plaut. Aul. 4, 10, 6; Ter. Hec. 2, 1, 15; id. Heaut. 1, 1, 99; id. And. 5, 3, 20; Cic. Phil. 1, 1, 2; id. de Imp. Pomp. 12, 33; id. Verr. 2, 1, 15, § 40; ib. 30, § 76 Zumpt; cf. also Sulp. ap. Cic. Fam. 4, 5:

neque ejus legendam filiam (virginem Vestalem)... qui liberos tres haberet,

Gell. 1, 12, 8:

uxores duxerant, ex quibus plerique liberos habebant,

Caes. B. C. 3, 110, 2.—Of grandchildren and great-grandchildren:

liberorum appellatione nepotes et pronepotes ceterique qui ex his descendunt, continentur,

Dig. 50, 16, 220; cf.:

liberi usque ad trinepotem, ultra hos posteriores vocantur,

ib. 38, 10, 10, § 7:

habitus sis in liberum loco,

Cic. Verr. 2, 1, 15, § 40.—

Esp.

Of sons (opp. daughters):

procreavit liberos septem totidemque filias,

Hyg. Fab. 9.—

Of children in gen. = pueri:

praecepta Chrysippi de liberorum educatione,

Quint. 1, 11, 17; cf.: Catus aut de liberis educandis, the title of a book by Varro, v. Gell. 4, 19, 2; Macr. S. 3, 6, 5.—

Transf., of animals, young:

liberis orbas oves,

Plaut. Capt. 4, 2, 38.—Comically:

quaerunt litterae hae sibi liberos: alia aliam scandit,

Plaut. Ps. 1, 1, 23.

Līber, ĕri (Sabine collat. form, loebasius, acc. to Serv. Verg. G. 1, 7; cf. 1. liber, and libertas init.), m. [Gr. leibô, to pour; loibê, a drink - offering; Lat. libare], an old Italian deity, who presided over planting and fructification; afterwards identified with the Greek Bacchus:

hunc dico Liberum Semelā natum, non eum, quem nostri majores auguste sancteque Liberum cum Cerere et Libera consecraverunt. Sed quod ex nobis natos liberos appellamus, idcirco Cerere nati nominati sunt Liber et Libera: quod in Libera servant, in Libero non item,

Cic. N. D. 2, 24, 62; cf. Serv. Verg. G. 1, 5; Cic. Leg. 2, 8, 19:

tertio (invocabo) Cererem et Liberum, quod horum fructus maxime necessarii ad victum: ab his enim cibus et potio venit e fundo,

Varr. R. R. 1, 1, 5:

Liber et alma Ceres,

Verg. G. 1, 7:

ex aede Liberi,

Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 57, § 128;

in a pun with 1. liber,

Plaut. Capt. 3, 4, 46; cf. id. Curc. 1, 2, 21; id. Stich. 5, 4, 17; so in a pun with liber, free:

quiaque adeo me complevi flore Liberi, Magis libera uti lingua collibitum est mihi,

Plaut. Cist. 1, 2, 8; cf.:

salve, anime mi, lepos Liberi, ut veteris ego sum cupida, etc.,

id. Curc. 1, 2, 3.— Connected with pater:

sic factum, ut Libero patri repertori vitis hirci immolarentur,

Varr. R. R. 1, 2, 19:

Romulus et Liber pater,

Hor. Ep. 2, 1, 5:

per vestigia Liberi patris,

Plin. 4, 10, 17, § 39:

patre favente Libero fetis palmitibus,

Col. 3, 21, 3:

Libero patri in monte res divina celebratur,

Macr. S. 1, 18, 4.—

Meton., wine:

illud, quod erat a deo donatum, nomine ipsius dei nuncupabant: ut cum fruges Cererem appellamus, vinum autem Liberum: ex quo illud Terentii (Eun. 4, 5, 6): sine Cerere et Libero friget Venus,

Cic. N. D. 2, 23, 60:

Liberum et Cererem pro vino et pane,

Quint. 8, 6, 24; cf. also Plaut. Curc. 1, 2, 4 supra:

sed pressum Calibus ducere Liberum Si gestis, etc.,

Hor. C. 4, 12, 14:

condita cum verax aperit praecordia Liber,

id. S. 1, 4, 89.

lĭber, bri, m. [Gr. lepein, to peel; lepos, lepis; cf. lobos], the inner bark or rind of a tree.

Lit.

In gen.:

obducuntur libro aut cortice trunci,

Cic. N. D. 2, 47, 120:

colligatae libris (arundines),

Varr. R. R. 1, 8, 4:

udoque docent (germen) inolescere libro,

Verg. G. 2, 77:

natam libro et silvestri subere clausam,

id. A. 11, 554; id. E. 10, 67:

quam denso fascia libro,

Juv. 6, 263.—

Esp., because the ancients used the bark or rind of trees to write upon; usually the thin rind of the Egyptian papyrus, on which the books of the Greeks and Romans were usually written (v. Dict. of Antiq. p. 587 sq.):

antea non fuisse chartarum usum. In palmarum foliis primo scriptitatum, dein quarundam arborum libris,

Plin. 13, 11, 21, § 69.—Hence,

Transf.

Paper, parchment, or rolls of any substance used to write upon (cf.:

charta, membrana): quasi quom in libro scribuntur calamo litterae,

Plaut. Ps. 1, 5, 131.—

Most freq. a book, work, treatise:

Demetrii liber de concordia,

Cic. Att. 8, 12, 6:

quas (sententias) hoc libro exposui,

id. Lael. 1, 3; cf. id. ib. 1, 5:

dixi in eo libro, quem de rebus rusticis scripsi,

id. de Sen. 15, 54:

libros pervolutare,

id. Att. 5, 12, 2:

evolvere,

id. Tusc. 1, 11, 24:

volvere,

id. Brut. 87, 298:

legere,

id. Fam. 6, 6, 8:

edere,

id. Fat. 1, 1:

libri confectio,

id. de Sen. 1, 1:

tempus ad libros vacuum,

id. Rep. 1, 9, 14:

cujus (Platonis) in libris,

id. ib. 1, 10, 16:

in Graecorum libris,

id. ib. 2, 11, 21:

librum, si malus est, nequeo laudare,

Juv. 3, 41:

actorum libri,

the official gazette, id. 9, 84; cf. 2, 136; and v. Dict. Antiq. s. v. Acta.—

In partic.

A division of a work a look:

tres libri perfecti sunt de Natura Deorum,

Cic. Div. 2, 1, 3:

hi tres libri (de Officiis),

id. Off. 3, 33, 121:

sermo in novem libros distributus,

id. Q. Fr. 3, 5, 1:

dictum est in libro superiore,

id. Off. 2, 13, 43 [p. 1058] sicut superiore libro continetur, Quint. 11, 1, 1:

versus de libro Ennii annali sexto,

id. 6, 3, 86:

liber primus, secundus, tertius, etc.,

id. 8, 1, 2; 10, 2, 20; 11, 1, 4 al. —Sometimes, in this latter case, liber is omitted:

in T. Livii primo,

Quint. 9, 2, 37:

in tertio de Oratore,

id. 9, 1, 26:

legi tuum nuper quartum de Finibus,

Cic. Tusc. 5, 11, 32.—

In relig. or pub. law lang., a religious book, scriptures; a statute - book, code:

decemviris adire libros jussis,

i. e. the Sibylline books, Liv. 34, 55; 21, 62; 25, 12:

se cum legeret libros, recordatum esse, etc.,

Cic. N. D. 2, 4, 11:

ut in libris est Etruscorum,

id. Div. 2, 23, 50; id. Att. 9, 9, 3:

caerimoniarum,

rituals, Tac. A. 3, 38.—

A list, catalogue, register, Cic. Verr. 2, 3, 71, § 167.—

A letter, epistle, Nep. Lys. 4, 2; Plin. Ep. 2, 1, 5.—

A rescript, decree (post-Aug.):

liber principis severus et tamen moderatus,

Plin. Ep. 5, 14, 8.

līber, ĕra, ĕrum (old form, loebesum et loebertatem antiqui dicebant liberum et libertatem. Ita Graeci loibên et leibein, Paul. ex Fest. p. 121 Müll.; cf. 2. Liber), adj. [Gr. root liph-, liptô, to desire; cf. Sanscr. lub-dhas, desirous; Lat. libet, libido], that acts according to his own will and pleasure, is his own master; free, unrestricted, unrestrained, unimpeded, unshackled; independent, frank, open, bold (opp. servus, servilis).

In gen.; constr. absol., with ab, the abl., and poet. also with gen.

Absol.:

dictum est ab eruditissimis viris, nisi sapientem liberum esse neminem. Quid est enim libertas? Potestas vivendi ut velis,

Cic. Par. 5, 1, 33:

an ille mihi liber, cui mulier imperat, cui leges imponit, praescribit, jubet, vetat? etc.,

id. ib. 5, 2, 36:

ad scribendi licentiam liber,

id. N. D. 1, 44, 123:

agri immunes ac liberi,

Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 69, § 166:

integro animo ac libero causam defendere,

unprejudiced, unbiased, id. Sull. 31, 86:

liberi ad causas solutique veniebant,

not under obligations, not bribed, id. Verr. 2, 2, 78 § 192; cf.:

libera lingua,

Plaut. Cist. 1, 2, 9:

cor liberum,

id. Ep. 1, 2, 43:

vocem liberam mittere adversus aliquem,

Liv. 35, 32, 6:

libera verba animi proferre,

Juv. 4, 90: judicium [p. 1057] audientium relinquere integrum ac liberum, Cic. Div. 2, 72, 150:

aliquid respuere ingenuo liberoque fastidio,

id. Brut. 67, 236:

libero tempore, cum soluta nobis est eligendi optio,

id. Fin. 1, 10, 33:

tibi uni vexatio direptioque sociorum impunita fuit ac libera,

id. Cat. 1, 7, 18:

pars quaestionum vaga et libera et late patens,

id. de Or. 2, 16, 67:

liberum arbitrium eis populo Romano permittente,

Liv. 31, 11 fin.; cf. id. 37, 1, 5:

mandata,

full powers, unlimited authority, id. 37, 56; 38, 8:

fenus,

unlimited, id. 35, 7: custodia, free custody (i. e. confinement to a house or to a town), id. 24, 45; Vell. 1, 11, 1;

v. custodia, II.: legatio, v. legatio: suffragia,

the right of voting freely, Juv. 8, 211:

locus,

free from intruders, undisturbed, secure, Plaut. Poen. 1, 1, 49; 3, 2, 25; id. Cas. 3, 2, 4: aedes, a free house, free dwelling (assigned to the use of ambassadors of friendly nations during their stay in Rome), Liv. 30, 17 fin.; 35, 23; 42, 6:

lectulus,

i. e. not shared with a wife, Cic. Att. 14, 13, 5: toga ( poet. for virilis toga), a man's (prop. of one who is his own master), Ov. F. 3, 771:

vestis,

id. ib. 3, 777:

libera omnia sibi servare,

to reserve to one's self full liberty, Plin. Ep. 1, 5.— Comp.:

hoc liberiores et solutiores sumus, quod, etc.,

Cic. Ac. 2, 3, 8:

est finitimus oratori poëta, numeris astrictior paulo, verborum licentia liberior,

id. de Or. 1, 16, 70:

liberiores litterae,

id. Att. 1, 13, 1:

amicitia remissior esse debet et liberior et dulcior,

freer, more unrestrained, more cheerful, id. Lael. 18 fin.:

paulo liberior sententia,

Quint. 4, 2, 121:

liberior in utramque partem disputatio,

id. 7, 2, 14:

fusiores liberioresque numeri,

id. 9, 4, 130:

officia liberiora plenioraque,

id. 6, 1, 9:

(flumina) campo recepta Liberioris aquae,

freer, less impeded, Ov. M. 1, 41; cf.:

(Tiberinus) campo liberiore natat,

freer, opener, id. F. 4, 292:

liberiore frui caelo,

freer, opener, id. M. 15, 301.— Sup.:

liberrimum hominum genus, comici veteres tradunt, etc.,

the frankest, most free-spoken, Quint. 12, 2, 22; cf.:

liberrime Lolli,

most frank, most ingenuous, Hor. Ep. 1, 18, 1:

indignatio,

id. Epod. 4, 10.—

Free or exempt from, void of; with ab:

Mamertini vacui, expertes, soluti ac liberi fuerunt ab omni sumptu, molestia, munere,

Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 10, § 23; cf.:

(consul) solutus a cupiditatibus, liber a delictis,

id. Agr. 1, 9, 27:

ab observando homine perverso liber,

id. Att. 1, 13, 2:

liber a tali irrisione Socrates, liber Aristo Chius,

id. Ac. 2, 39, 123:

ab omni animi perturbatione liber,

id. Off. 1, 20, 67; id. N. D. 2, 21, 55:

loca abdita et ab arbitris libera,

id. Att. 15, 16, B:

libera a ferro crura,

Ov. P. 1, 6, 32:

animus liber a partibus rei publicae,

Sall. C. 4.—

With abl.:

animus omni liber curā et angore,

free from, without, Cic. Fin. 1, 15:

animus religione,

Liv. 2, 36:

animus cogitationibus aliis,

Quint. 11, 2, 35:

mens omnibus vitiis,

id. 12, 1, 4; cf.:

liberis odio et gratia mentibus,

id. 5, 11, 37:

omni liber metu,

Liv. 7, 34:

liber invidia,

Quint. 12, 11, 7:

equus carcere,

Ov. Am. 2, 9, 20.—

With gen. ( poet.):

liber laborum,

Hor. A. P. 212:

fati gens Lydia,

Verg. A. 10, 154:

curarum,

Luc. 4, 384. — Comp.:

liberior campi,

having a wider space, Stat. S. 4, 2, 24.—

Liberum est, with subject-clause:

quam (opinionem) sequi magis probantibus liberum est,

it is free, permitted, allowable, Quint. 6, 3, 112; Plin. Ep. 1, 8:

dies eligere certos liberum erat,

Plin. 30, 2, 6, § 16.—So in abl. absol.:

libero, quid firmaret mutaretve,

Tac. A. 3, 60.

In partic.

Free, in a social point of view, not a slave (opp. servus;

also to ingenuus): neque vendendam censes quae libera est,

Ter. Ad. 2, 1, 40; cf. id. ib. v. 28:

dis habeo gratiam quom aliquot affuerunt liberae, because slaves were not permitted to testify,

id. And. 4, 4, 32; opp. ingenuus, free-born:

quid ea? ingenuan' an festucā facta e servā liberast?

Plaut. Mil. 1, 1, 14:

in jure civili, qui est matre liberā, liber est,

Cic. N. D. 3, 18, 45; id. Caecin. 36, 96:

si neque censu, neque vindictā, nec testamento liber factus est (servus), non est liber,

id. Top. 2, 10:

quae (assentatio) non modo amico, sed ne libero quidem digna est,

of a freeman, id. Lael. 24, 89; Quint. 11, 1, 43:

liberorum hominum alii ingenui sunt, alii libertini,

Gai. Inst. 1, 10; cf. sqq.: ex ancilla et libero jure gentium servus nascitur, id. ib. 1, 82; cf. § 85; Paul. Sent. 2, 24, 1 sqq.—

Free, in a political point of view;

said both of a people not under monarchical rule and of one not in subjection to another people,

Cic. Rep. 1, 32, 48; cf.:

ut ex nimia potentia principum oritur interitus principum, sic hunc nimis liberum populum libertas ipsa servitute afficit,

id. ib. 1, 44, 68:

liber populus,

id. ib. 3, 34, 46:

(Demaratus) vir liber ac fortis,

democratic, republican, fond of liberty, id. ib. 2, 19, 34:

civitates liberae atque immunes,

free from service, Liv. 37, 55:

provinciae civitatesque liberae,

Suet. Vesp. 8:

libera ac foederata oppida,

id. Calig. 3:

Roma patrem patriae Ciceronem libera dixit,

Juv. 8, 244.—

In a bad sense, esp. with reference to sensual pleasure, unbridled, unchecked, unrestrained, licentious:

quam liber harum rerum multarum siet (Juppiter),

Plaut. Am. prol. 105:

adulescens imprudens et liber,

Ter. Eun. 3, 1, 40; cf.:

sit adulescentia liberior,

somewhat freer, Cic. Cael. 18, 42:

amores soluti et liberi,

id. Rep. 4, 4, 4:

consuetudo peccandi,

id. Verr. 2, 3, 76, § 177.—Hence, adv.: lībĕrē, freely, unrestrictedly, without let or hinderance; frankly, openly, boldly:

qui nihil dicit, nihil facit, nihil cogitat denique, nisi libenter ac libere,

Cic. Par. 5, 1, 34:

animus somno relaxatus solute movetur et libere,

id. Div. 2, 48, 100:

respirare,

id. Quint. 11, 39:

constanter et libere (me gessi),

id. Att. 4, 16, 9:

consilium dare,

id. Lael. 13, 44:

aliquid magis accusatorie quam libere dixisse,

id. Verr. 2, 2, 72, § 176:

omnia libere fingimus et impune,

Quint. 6, 1, 43:

ut ingredi libere (oratio), non ut licenter videatur errare,

Cic. Or. 23, 77.— Comp.:

liberius vivendi fuit potestas,

Ter. And. 1, 1, 23:

loqui,

Cic. Planc. 13, 33:

fortius liberiusque defendere,

Quint. 12, 1, 21:

liberius si Dixero quid,

Hor. S. 1, 4, 103:

maledicere,

id. ib. 2, 8, 37:

longius et liberius exseritur digitus,

Quint. 11, 3, 92; cf. id. 11, 3, 97:

ipsaque tellus Omnia liberius, nullo poscente, ferebat,

freely, of itself, spontaneously, Verg. G. 1, 127.

līber, ĕri ( gen. plur. liberūm, Att. ap. Cic. Tusc. 3, 9; Turp. ap. Non. 495, 26; Cic. Verr. 2, 1, 15, § 40; 2, 1, 30, § 77; Tac. A. 2, 38; 3, 25 saep.; cf. Cic. Or. 46, 155;

but also: liberorum,

Cic. Verr. 2, 1, 30, § 76; 2, 5, 42, § 109), m. [1. liber], a child.

Sing. (post-class. and rare):

si quis maximam portionem libero relinquat,

Cod. Just. 3, 28, 33; 5, 9, 8 fin.; Quint. Decl. 2, 8.—

Plur., children (freq.; but in class. Lat. only of children with reference to their parents: pueri = children in general, as younger than adulescentes; cf. Krebs, Antibarb. p. 657 sq.).

Lit.: liberorum genus, Enn. ap. Cic. Or. 46, 155 (Trag. v. 347 Vahl.): liberorum sibi quaesendum gratia, id. ap. Fest. p. 258 Müll. (Trag. v. 161 Vahl.):

cum conjugibus et liberis,

Cic. Att. 8, 2, 3:

eum ex C. Fadii filiā liberos habuisse,

id. ib. 16, 11, 1:

liberos procreare,

id. Tusc. 5, 37, 109:

suscipere liberos,

id. Verr. 2, 3, 69, § 161:

per liberos te precor,

Hor. Epod. 5, 5:

dulces,

id. ib. 2, 40:

parvuli,

Quint. 2, 15, 8;

opp. parentes,

id. 11, 1, 82; 3, 7, 18; 26; 6, 1, 18; 6, 5 al.: mater quae liberos, quasi oculos (amisit), orba est, Sulp. ap. Paul. ex Fest. p. 182 Müll.: jus trium liberorum, under the emperors, a privilege enjoyed by those who had three legitimate children (it consisted in the permission to fill a public office before one's twenty-fifth year, and in freedom from personal burdens); this privilege was sometimes also bestowed on those who had fewer than three children, or even none at all; also of one child:

non est sine liberis, cui vel unus filius unave filia est,

Dig. 50, 16, 148; Plaut. Aul. 4, 10, 6; Ter. Hec. 2, 1, 15; id. Heaut. 1, 1, 99; id. And. 5, 3, 20; Cic. Phil. 1, 1, 2; id. de Imp. Pomp. 12, 33; id. Verr. 2, 1, 15, § 40; ib. 30, § 76 Zumpt; cf. also Sulp. ap. Cic. Fam. 4, 5:

neque ejus legendam filiam (virginem Vestalem)... qui liberos tres haberet,

Gell. 1, 12, 8:

uxores duxerant, ex quibus plerique liberos habebant,

Caes. B. C. 3, 110, 2.—Of grandchildren and great-grandchildren:

liberorum appellatione nepotes et pronepotes ceterique qui ex his descendunt, continentur,

Dig. 50, 16, 220; cf.:

liberi usque ad trinepotem, ultra hos posteriores vocantur,

ib. 38, 10, 10, § 7:

habitus sis in liberum loco,

Cic. Verr. 2, 1, 15, § 40.—

Esp.

Of sons (opp. daughters):

procreavit liberos septem totidemque filias,

Hyg. Fab. 9.—

Of children in gen. = pueri:

praecepta Chrysippi de liberorum educatione,

Quint. 1, 11, 17; cf.: Catus aut de liberis educandis, the title of a book by Varro, v. Gell. 4, 19, 2; Macr. S. 3, 6, 5.—

Transf., of animals, young:

liberis orbas oves,

Plaut. Capt. 4, 2, 38.—Comically:

quaerunt litterae hae sibi liberos: alia aliam scandit,

Plaut. Ps. 1, 1, 23.

Līber, ĕri (Sabine collat. form, loebasius, acc. to Serv. Verg. G. 1, 7; cf. 1. liber, and libertas init.), m. [Gr. leibô, to pour; loibê, a drink - offering; Lat. libare], an old Italian deity, who presided over planting and fructification; afterwards identified with the Greek Bacchus:

hunc dico Liberum Semelā natum, non eum, quem nostri majores auguste sancteque Liberum cum Cerere et Libera consecraverunt. Sed quod ex nobis natos liberos appellamus, idcirco Cerere nati nominati sunt Liber et Libera: quod in Libera servant, in Libero non item,

Cic. N. D. 2, 24, 62; cf. Serv. Verg. G. 1, 5; Cic. Leg. 2, 8, 19:

tertio (invocabo) Cererem et Liberum, quod horum fructus maxime necessarii ad victum: ab his enim cibus et potio venit e fundo,

Varr. R. R. 1, 1, 5:

Liber et alma Ceres,

Verg. G. 1, 7:

ex aede Liberi,

Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 57, § 128;

in a pun with 1. liber,

Plaut. Capt. 3, 4, 46; cf. id. Curc. 1, 2, 21; id. Stich. 5, 4, 17; so in a pun with liber, free:

quiaque adeo me complevi flore Liberi, Magis libera uti lingua collibitum est mihi,

Plaut. Cist. 1, 2, 8; cf.:

salve, anime mi, lepos Liberi, ut veteris ego sum cupida, etc.,

id. Curc. 1, 2, 3.— Connected with pater:

sic factum, ut Libero patri repertori vitis hirci immolarentur,

Varr. R. R. 1, 2, 19:

Romulus et Liber pater,

Hor. Ep. 2, 1, 5:

per vestigia Liberi patris,

Plin. 4, 10, 17, § 39:

patre favente Libero fetis palmitibus,

Col. 3, 21, 3:

Libero patri in monte res divina celebratur,

Macr. S. 1, 18, 4.—

Meton., wine:

illud, quod erat a deo donatum, nomine ipsius dei nuncupabant: ut cum fruges Cererem appellamus, vinum autem Liberum: ex quo illud Terentii (Eun. 4, 5, 6): sine Cerere et Libero friget Venus,

Cic. N. D. 2, 23, 60:

Liberum et Cererem pro vino et pane,

Quint. 8, 6, 24; cf. also Plaut. Curc. 1, 2, 4 supra:

sed pressum Calibus ducere Liberum Si gestis, etc.,

Hor. C. 4, 12, 14:

condita cum verax aperit praecordia Liber,

id. S. 1, 4, 89.

lĭber, bri, m. [Gr. lepein, to peel; lepos, lepis; cf. lobos], the inner bark or rind of a tree.

Lit.

In gen.:

obducuntur libro aut cortice trunci,

Cic. N. D. 2, 47, 120:

colligatae libris (arundines),

Varr. R. R. 1, 8, 4:

udoque docent (germen) inolescere libro,

Verg. G. 2, 77:

natam libro et silvestri subere clausam,

id. A. 11, 554; id. E. 10, 67:

quam denso fascia libro,

Juv. 6, 263.—

Esp., because the ancients used the bark or rind of trees to write upon; usually the thin rind of the Egyptian papyrus, on which the books of the Greeks and Romans were usually written (v. Dict. of Antiq. p. 587 sq.):

antea non fuisse chartarum usum. In palmarum foliis primo scriptitatum, dein quarundam arborum libris,

Plin. 13, 11, 21, § 69.—Hence,

Transf.

Paper, parchment, or rolls of any substance used to write upon (cf.:

charta, membrana): quasi quom in libro scribuntur calamo litterae,

Plaut. Ps. 1, 5, 131.—

Most freq. a book, work, treatise:

Demetrii liber de concordia,

Cic. Att. 8, 12, 6:

quas (sententias) hoc libro exposui,

id. Lael. 1, 3; cf. id. ib. 1, 5:

dixi in eo libro, quem de rebus rusticis scripsi,

id. de Sen. 15, 54:

libros pervolutare,

id. Att. 5, 12, 2:

evolvere,

id. Tusc. 1, 11, 24:

volvere,

id. Brut. 87, 298:

legere,

id. Fam. 6, 6, 8:

edere,

id. Fat. 1, 1:

libri confectio,

id. de Sen. 1, 1:

tempus ad libros vacuum,

id. Rep. 1, 9, 14:

cujus (Platonis) in libris,

id. ib. 1, 10, 16:

in Graecorum libris,

id. ib. 2, 11, 21:

librum, si malus est, nequeo laudare,

Juv. 3, 41:

actorum libri,

the official gazette, id. 9, 84; cf. 2, 136; and v. Dict. Antiq. s. v. Acta.—

In partic.

A division of a work a look:

tres libri perfecti sunt de Natura Deorum,

Cic. Div. 2, 1, 3:

hi tres libri (de Officiis),

id. Off. 3, 33, 121:

sermo in novem libros distributus,

id. Q. Fr. 3, 5, 1:

dictum est in libro superiore,

id. Off. 2, 13, 43 [p. 1058] sicut superiore libro continetur, Quint. 11, 1, 1:

versus de libro Ennii annali sexto,

id. 6, 3, 86:

liber primus, secundus, tertius, etc.,

id. 8, 1, 2; 10, 2, 20; 11, 1, 4 al. —Sometimes, in this latter case, liber is omitted:

in T. Livii primo,

Quint. 9, 2, 37:

in tertio de Oratore,

id. 9, 1, 26:

legi tuum nuper quartum de Finibus,

Cic. Tusc. 5, 11, 32.—

In relig. or pub. law lang., a religious book, scriptures; a statute - book, code:

decemviris adire libros jussis,

i. e. the Sibylline books, Liv. 34, 55; 21, 62; 25, 12:

se cum legeret libros, recordatum esse, etc.,

Cic. N. D. 2, 4, 11:

ut in libris est Etruscorum,

id. Div. 2, 23, 50; id. Att. 9, 9, 3:

caerimoniarum,

rituals, Tac. A. 3, 38.—

A list, catalogue, register, Cic. Verr. 2, 3, 71, § 167.—

A letter, epistle, Nep. Lys. 4, 2; Plin. Ep. 2, 1, 5.—

A rescript, decree (post-Aug.):

liber principis severus et tamen moderatus,

Plin. Ep. 5, 14, 8.

spes, spēi ( gen. spe, Liv. 1, 40, 7 dub.; Weissenb. spei; plur. nom. and acc. speres, Enn. ap. Fest. p. 333 Müll., or Ann. v. 410 and 132 Vahl.; gen. sperum, Eum. Paneg. Const. 15; abl. speribus, Varr. ap. Non. 171, 27 and 30:

spebus,

Sid. Apollin. Ep. 3, 6; Sulp. Sev. Dial. 3, 10; Paul. Nol. Carm. 18, 243; Hilar. in Psa. 119; cf. Neue, Formenl. 1, 570), f. [perh. root spa-, to draw out; Gr. spaô; cf.: prosper, spondeo; v. spatium].

Lit.

In gen., the expectation of something desired, hope (the predom. signif. of the word; syn. exspectatio).

Absol.:

si spes est exspectatio boni, mali exspectationem esse necesse est metum,

Cic. Tusc. 4, 37, 80:

bona spes cum omnium rerum desperatione confligit,

id. Cat. 2, 11, 25: ut aegroto, dum anima est, spes esse dicitur;

sic, etc.,

id. Att. 9, 10, 3: nolite nimiam spem habere, Cat. ap. Gell. 13, 17, 1:

spem habere in fide alicujus,

Cic. Inv. 1, 39, 71; cf.:

nostros tantum spei habere ad vivendum, quantum accepissent ab Antonio,

id. Att. 15, 20, 2:

miserum est nec habere ne spei quidem extremum,

id. N. D. 3, 6, 14:

in quīs plurimum habebat spei,

Curt. 3, 3, 1:

spem sibi aliquam proponere,

Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 16, § 41:

spem reliquorum in vestrā potestate positam esse,

id. Fl. 1, 3:

spem ponere in armis,

Verg. A. 2, 676:

spem deponere,

abandon, Hor. S. 2, 5, 26;

but: spem salvis in alicujus morte deponere,

to place, Curt. 10, 9, 7:

spem alicujus alere,

Cic. Cat. 1, 12, 30; cf.:

auxerat meam spem, quod, etc.,

id. Phil. 12, 1, 2:

aliquem in spem adducere,

id. Att. 3, 19, 2:

quae (salus nostra) spe exiguā extremāque pendet,

id. Fl. 2, 4:

ut eos homines spes falleret,

id. Div. in Caecil. 2, 4:

quantā de spe decidi,

Ter. Heaut. 2, 3, 9:

hac spe lapsus Indutiomarus,

Caes. B. G. 5, 55:

nostris militibus spem minuit,

id. ib. 5, 33:

Helvetii eā spe dejecti,

id. ib. 1, 8:

ab hac spe repulsi Nervii,

id. ib. 5, 42; cf.:

de spe conatuque depulsus,

Cic. Cat. 2, 7, 14:

pro re certā spem falsam domum retulerunt,

id. Rosc. Am. 38, 110:

non solum spe, sed certā re jam et possessione deturbatus est,

id. Fam. 12, 25, 2:

spei nostrae finem inponere,

Liv. 5, 4, 10:

morando spem destituere,

id. 1, 51, 5:

dolor tantae ad inritum cadentis spei,

id. 2, 6, 1:

spes ad inritum redacta,

id. 28, 31, 1:

Philippus, magnā spe depulsus,

id. 31, 25, 11:

Tyrii ab ingenti spe destituti erant,

Curt. 4, 3, 20:

tantā spe destituti,

id. 8, 6, 20: spem pro re [p. 1741] ferentes, Liv. 36, 40, 7:

hominem sine re, sine fide, sine spe, etc.,

Cic. Cael. 32, 78:

sunt omnia, sicut adulescentis, non tam re et maturitate quam spe et exspectatione laudata,

id. Or. 30, 107:

ego jam aut rem aut ne spem quidem exspecto,

id. Att. 3, 22, 4:

nemo umquam animo aut spe majora suscipiet, qui, etc.,

id. Lael. 27, 102:

multa praeter spem scio multis bona evenisse,

Plaut. Rud. 2, 3, 69; so,

praeter spem evenit!

Ter. And. 2, 6, 5; 4, 1, 55; id. Heaut. 4, 1, 51:

repente praeter spem dixit, etc.,

Cic. Fam. 4, 4, 3:

cetera contra spem salva invenit,

Liv. 9, 23, 17:

omnia bona in spe habere,

Sall. C. 31, 7.— Plur.:

ubi sunt spes meae?

Plaut. Curc. 2, 3, 28:

si mihi mulierculae essent salvae, spes aliquae forent,

id. Rud. 2, 6, 69; id. Capt. 2, 3, 85:

in quo nostrae spes omnesque opes sitae Erant,

Ter. Ad. 3, 2, 33; id. Phorm. 3, 1, 6; cf.:

omnes Catilinae spes atque opes concidisse,

Cic. Cat. 3, 7, 16;

so often: spes opesque,

Sall. J. 107, 4:

(cadus) Spes donare novas largus,

Hor. C. 4, 12, 19 al. —

With gen. obj.:

spem istoc pacto nuptiarum omnem eripis,

Ter. Heaut. 4, 3, 35:

spe mercedis adducti,

Cic. Lael. 9, 31:

spes dignitatis suae,

id. de Or. 1, 7, 25:

spes diuturnitatis atque imperii,

id. Rep. 2, 3, 5:

nec in praemiis humanis spem posueris rerum tuarum,

id. ib. 6, 23, 25; cf. id. de Or. 1, 7, 25:

quoniam me tui spem das,

id. Rep. 1, 10, 15:

ni mihi esset spes ostensa Hujusce habendae,

Ter. Phorm. 5, 4, 7:

spes amplificandae fortunae fractior,

Cic. Lael. 16, 59:

ut reo audaci spem judicii corrumpendi praeciderem,

id. Verr. 2, 1, 7, § 20:

Antiochus a spe societatis Prusiae decidit,

Liv. 37, 26, 1:

hoc conloquium abstulit spem Hannibali recipiendae Nolae,

id. 33, 44, 3:

exulanti Amyandro spes recuperandi regni facta est,

id. 38, 1, 3; Tac. Or. 14 fin.:

spe templi capiendi,

Liv. 31, 25, 2:

spem suae mortis conceperat,

Ov. M. 6, 554. —

With obj.-clause:

spes est, eum melius facturum,

Plaut. Stich. 1, 1, 22; id. Ep. 3, 1, 11; Auct. Her. 2, 17, 25:

magna me spes tenet, explicare, etc.,

Cic. Clu. 3, 7:

in spem maximam adducti, hunc ipsum annum salutarem civitati fore,

id. Mil. 28, 78:

ne spes quidem ulla ostenditur, fore melius,

id. Att. 11, 11, 1:

magnam in spem veniebat, fore, uti, etc.,

Caes. B. G. 1, 42:

magnam se habere spem, Ariovistum finem injuriis facturum,

id. ib. 1, 33:

injecta est spes patri, Posse illam extrudi,

Ter. Phorm. 4, 4, 11:

si qui vestrum spe ducitur, se posse, etc.,

Cic. Agr. 1, 9, 27:

in spem venio, appropinquare tuum adventum,

id. Fam. 9, 1, 1:

magna me spes tenet, bene mihi evenire, quod mittar ad mortem,

id. Tusc. 1, 41, 97:

ad Aetolos legatum misit, magis ut nudaret animos, quam spe impetrari posse,

Liv. 34, 24, 7:

a spe scalis capi urbem posse,

id. 6, 9, 9:

spe castra eo die se oppugnaturos,

id. 40, 31, 6.—

With ut:

quae te ratio in istam spem induxit, ut eos tibi fidelis putaris fore?

Cic. Off. 2, 15, 53:

si spem afferunt, ut... fructus appareat,

id. Lael. 19, 68:

spes mihi certa fuit ut, etc.,

Aus. Idyll. 2, 46:

irritā spe agitari, ut, etc.,

Tac. A. 16, 26.—

With de:

spes est de argento,

Plaut. Most. 3, 1, 40; Cic. Lael. 3, 11:

de flumine transeundo spem se fefellisse,

Caes. B. G. 2, 10:

quam spem tunc ille de me concepit,

Plin. Ep. 1, 10, 3:

nato filio pater spem de illo quam optimam capiat,

Quint. 1, 1, 1.—

With ad and gerund.:

postea vero quam vidi nostros tantum spei habere ad vivendum,

Cic. Att. 15, 20, 2:

spem habere ad ejus salutem exstinguendam,

id. Mil. 2, 5:

Gallis ad temptanda ea defuit spes,

Liv. 21, 25, 10 Weissenb. ad loc.:

cum spei ad resistendum nihil esset,

id. 43, 18, 10; 43, 19, 9.—

In partic.

The hope of being appointed heir (rare):

leniter in spem Arrepe officiosus, ut et scribare secundus Heres,

Hor. S. 2, 5, 47:

in spem secundam nepotes pronepotesque (assumebantur),

Tac. A. 1, 8. —

Spes, a Roman divinity who had several temples in Rome, Plaut. Bacch. 4, 8, 52; id. Ps. 2, 4, 19; id. Cist. 4, 1, 18; Cic. Leg. 2, 11, 28; id. N. D. 2, 23, 61; 3, 18, 47; Liv. 2, 51, 2; 25, 7, 6; 40, 51, 6; Tac. A. 2, 49; Plin. 2, 7, 5, § 14; Tib. 1, 1, 9 (19); Ov. A. A. 1, 445; Aus. Idyll. 12, 9; cf. Hartung, Relig. d. Röm. 2, p. 264.—

Transf, concr., like the Engl. hope, of that in which hope is placed, or which is hoped for ( poet. and in postAug. prose).

In gen.:

puppes, Spes vestri reditus,

Ov. M. 13, 94; cf.: vestras spes uritis, Verg. A. 5, 672:

spes o fidissima Teucrum (of Aeneas),

id. ib. 2, 281:

spem suam (i. e. exta) circumvolat alis (milvus),

Ov. M. 2, 719; cf.:

spe (i. e. re speratā) potitur,

id. ib. 11, 527.—

In partic., of hopeful children, and, by analogy, of the young of animals, or of the fruits of the earth:

devovit nati spemque caputque parens,

Ov. H. 3, 94 Ruhnk.; cf. also in plur., of one child:

per spes surgentis Iuli,

Verg. A. 6, 364; 10, 524; 4, 274; cf.:

tuosne ego, o meae spes inanes, labentis oculis vidi,

Quint. 6, prooem. §

12: (capella) gemellos, Spem gregis, silice in nudā connixa reliquit,

Verg. E. 1, 15; cf. id. G. 4, 162:

(sus) quia semina pando Eruerit rostro spemque interceperit anni,

Ov. M. 15, 113.—

In gen., as a term of endearment, hope:

spes mea,

Plaut. Rud. 1, 4, 27:

o spes mea, o mea vita, o mea voluptas, salve,

id. Stich. 4, 2, 5:

o salutis meae spes,

id. Rud. 3, 3, 17:

et mea carissima filiola, et spes reliqua nostra, Cicero,

Cic. Fam. 14, 4, 6.—

An anticipation or apprehension of something not desired, elpis (very rare):

si meam spem vis improborum fefellerit atque superaverit,

Cic. Cat. 4, 11, 23:

mala res, spes multo asperior,

Sall. C. 20, 13:

Metellus contra spem suam laetissimis animis excipitur,

id. J. 88, 1:

id (bellum) quidem spe omnium serius fuit,

Liv. 2, 3, 1:

omnium spe celerius,

id. 21, 6, 5:

in malā jam spe,

id. 22, 48:

in spe Hannibali fuit defectio Tarentinorum,

id. 25, 7:

dum spes nulla necis,

Stat. Th. 9, 129; cf.:

naufragii spes omnis abit,

Luc. 5, 455.

ē-dūco, xi, ctum, 3 ( imper., educe, Plaut. Pers. 4, 1, 11; id. Stich. 5, 6, 1:

educ,

Cic. Cat. 1, 5, 10; Alcim. 5, 248 al.— Inf. pass. parag., educier, Plaut. Truc. 5, 16), v. a., to lead forth, draw out, bring away (very freq. and class.).

In gen.:

novam nuptam foras,

Plaut. Cas. 4, 3, 1;

so with personal objects, fidicinam,

id. Ep. 3, 4, 36 (opp. introducere):

eram,

id. Mil. 4, 6, 53:

virginem,

id. Pers. 4, 1, 11; Cic. Q. Fr. 3, 3 fin. al.; cf.

also: populum e comitio,

Varr. R. R. 1, 2, 9:

mulierem ab domo secum,

Caes. B. G. 1, 53, 4:

rete foras,

Plaut. Truc. 1, 1, 18; cf.:

pisces everriculo in litus,

Varr. R. R. 3, 17, 7:

radicem e terra,

id. ib. 3, 10, 5:

gladium,

Caes. B. G. 5, 44, 8; Sall. C. 51, 36; cf.:

gladium e vagina,

Cic. Inv. 2, 4, 14:

gladium,

Vulg. Marc. 14, 47 al.:

sortem,

Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 51 fin.; cf.:

aliquos ex urna,

id. ib. 2, 2, 17:

tribus,

id. Agr. 2, 8, 21:

telum corpore,

Verg. A. 10, 744; cf. Plin. 7, 20, 19, § 83 et saep.:

lacum (with emittere),

Cic. Div. 1, 44, 100; cf.

fistulam,

Varr. R. R. 3, 14, 2:

aquam in fossas,

Plin. 18, 19, 49, § 179; Dig. 8, 3, 29:

se foras,

to go out, Ter. Hec. 3, 3, 4 Ruhnk. ad loc.; cf.:

se multitudini,

to withdraw one's self from the multitude, Sen. Vit. Beat. 2 fin. —

In partic.

In all periods.

Pub. law t. t.

To bring, summon before court (cf. duco, I. B. 1.):

cum in jus ipsum eduxi,

Cic. Verr. 2, 3, 47; cf.:

ex domo in jus,

Quint. 7, 8, 6: SI. QVIS. EORVM. AD. ME. EDVCTVS. FVERIT., Edict. Praet. ap. Gell. 11, 17, 2:

aliquem ad consules,

Cic. Planc. 23;

and simply aliquem,

id. Verr. 2, 2, 26 Zumpt N. cr.; 2, 2, 37; 2, 3, 65.—Once also, to bring up or lead away for punishment (for which more commonly duco; v. Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 26):

ad tintinnaculos educi viros,

Plaut. Truc. 4, 3, 8.—

Of persons in office, to take out with one to one's province: quos educere invitos in provinciam non potuit, eos retinere qui potuit? Cic. Fragm. ap. Quint. 5, 10, 76; so,

medicum secum,

id. Pis. 34.—

Milit. t. t., to lead forth, march out troops (very freq. in Caes.):

Teleboae ex oppido Legiones educunt suas,

Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 63:

praesidium ex oppido (opp introducere),

Caes. B. C. 1, 13, 2:

cohortes ex urbe,

id. ib. 1, 12, 2:

exercitum ab urbe,

Liv. 3, 21:

copias e castris,

Caes. B. G. 1, 50, 1; 2, 8 fin.; 7, 13, 1; 7, 80, 1; id. B. C. 1, 43, 3 et saep.; Liv. 31, 37 al.;

for which also: copias castris,

Caes. B. G. 1, 51, 2; 4, 13 fin.; id. B. C. 1, 68, 1; Verg. A. 11, 20;

legiones ex hibernis,

Caes. B. G. 1, 10, 3; 5, 27, 9; 7, 10, 1; Liv. 40, 39:

ex finibus,

Caes. B. G. 4, 1, 4 et saep.; cf.

also: impedimenta ex castris,

id. ib. 7, 68, 1.—Without designating the term. a quo:

cohortes,

Caes. B. G. 3, 26, 2; id. B. C. 1, 41, 2; 1, 64, 6; Sall. J. 68, 2; Liv. 39, 15; Front. Strat. 1, 5, 22 et saep.; cf.: exercitum foras, Cato ap. Gell. 15, 13, 5:

exercitum in expeditionem,

Cic. Div. 1, 33, 72:

copias adversus Afranium,

Front. Strat. 1, 5, 9; 2, 2, 5 et saep.—And absol. of the general himself, to move out, march out (so mostly in Liv.; cf.

duco): ex hibernis,

Caes. B. G. 7, 10, 1:

ex oppido,

id. ib. 7, 81, 3; cf.:

tribus simul portis,

Liv. 41, 26:

ad legionem Pompeii duplici acie eduxit,

Caes. B. G. 3, 67, 3:

in aciem,

Liv. 1, 23; 8, 9; 21, 39; Front. Strat. 2, 1, 5, al. —

Naut. t. t., to bring out a ship from the harbor, to put to sea:

naves ex portu,

Caes. B. C. 1, 57, 2; 2, 22, 5; 3, 26, 2;

also: classem portu,

Plin. 2, 12, 9, § 55.—Hence,

Transf., of goods, to export:

equos ex Italia,

Liv. 43, 5, 9 (cf.:

extra provinciam ducere,

Dig. 49, 16, 12, § 1).—

In midwifery, t. t., to assist at birth:

attractus infantem educit,

Cels. 7, 29 med.:

per ipsas manus (infans) commode educitur,

id. ib. — So of birds, to bring out of the egg, to hatch:

pullos suos,

Plaut. Poen. 1, 2, 143; so,

fetum,

Plin. 10, 54, 75, § 152 (with excludere); 9, 10, 12, § 37.—Hence,

Transf.

To bring up, rear, a child (usually with reference to bodily nurture and support; while 2. educo refers usually to the mind; but the distinction is not strictly observed; cf. Krebs, Antibarb. p. 395), to educate:

non possunt militares pueri setanio educier,

Plaut. Truc. 5, 16:

bene ego istam eduxi meae domi et pudice,

id. Curc. 4, 2, 32; id. Most. 1, 3, 29; id. Rud. 1, 3, 38; Ter. And. 5, 4, 8; id. Heaut. 2, 1, 14 al.; Cic. de Or. 2, 28, 124; Liv. 1, 39 fin.; 21, 43 Drak.; Tac. A. 1, 4; 41; Prop. 3, 9, 51 (4, 8, 51 M.); Verg. A. 7, 763; 8, 413; Col. 3, 10, 16; Curt. 3, 12, 16 al.— Trop.:

senex plane eductus in nutricatu Venerio,

Plaut. Mil. 3, 1, 55.—

In gen., to bear, to produce = edere, Verg. A. 6, 765; 779: aura educit colores, * Cat. 64, 90.—

In vulg. lang., to drink off, toss off, Plaut. Stich. 5, 5, 18; 5, 6, 1.—With a punning allusion to the signif. 4. b. a, Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 274.—

Since the Aug. period.

Of motion in an upward direction (cf. effero and erigo), to draw up, to raise:

(Ortygia me) superas eduxit sub auras,

Ov. M. 5, 641; 3, 113; cf.

trop.: (Pindarus) vires animumque moresque aureos educit in astra,

Hor. C. 4, 2, 23 (cf.:

sustulit in astra,

Cic. Att. 2, 25).—

With the accessory idea of making, to rear, erect, build up:

turrim summis sub astra Eductam tectis,

Verg. A. 2, 461; cf.:

aram sepulcri caelo,

id. ib. 6, 178; imitated by Sil. 15, 388:

molem caelo,

Verg. A. 2, 186:

turres altius,

Tac. A. 12, 16; id. H. 4, 30:

pyramides instar montium,

id. A. 2, 61:

moenia caminis Cyclopum,

Verg. A. 6, 630; cf.:

moles quam eductam in Rhenum retulimus,

Tac. H. 5, 18.—

Of time, to pass, spend (cf. duco, II. B. 3. b.):

pios annos,

Prop. 2, 9, 47:

insomnem noctem ludo,

Stat. Th. 2, 74:

somnos sub hiberno caelo,

Sil. 11, 405:

nimbos luxu,

Val. Fl. 2, 371.

ēdŭco, āvi, ātum, 1, v. a. [1. educo, II. A. 4. b.], to bring up a child physically or mentally, to rear, to educate (very freq. and class.): educit obstetrix, educat nutrix, instituit paedagogus, docet magister, Varr. ap. Non. 447, 33 (but this distinction is not strictly observed; see the foll. and 1. educo, II. A. 4. b.).

Prop.:

hera educavit (puellam) magna industria,

Plaut. Cas. prol. 44 sq.:

Athenis natus altusque educatusque Atticis,

id. Rud. 3, 4, 36:

bene pudiceque educatu'st usque ad adolescentiam,

id. Capt. 5, 3, 16 et saep.; cf. id. Men. 5, 5, 7; id. Trin. 2, 4, 111 al.; Att. ap. Non. 422, 14; Ter. Eun. 1, 2, 37; id. Ad. 3, 4, 49; Cic. Lael. 20, 75; id. Rep. 2, 21; id. de Or. 1, 31; Ov. F. 6, 487; id. M. 3, 314; Vulg. Psa. 22, 2. —

Transf., to bring up, rear, foster, train, educate:

neque enim hac nos patria lege genuit aut educavit, ut, etc.,

Cic. Rep. 1, 4; id. Or. 13 fin.; cf.:

ars dicendi ea, quae sunt orta jam in nobis et procreata, educat atque confirmat,

id. de Or. 2, 87, 356:

in his (scholis) educatur orator,

Quint. 9, 2, 81:

oratorem, id. prooem. § 5: illos in disciplina,

Vulg. Ephes. 6, 4.—

Poet. and in post-Aug. prose, of plants or animals, to nourish, support, produce:

quod pontus, quod terra, quod educat aër Poscit,

Ov. M. 8, 832; cf. id. Pont. 1, 10, 9:

vitis mitem uvam,

Cat. 62, 50:

pomum, non uvas (ager),

Ov. Pont. 1, 3, 51:

herbas (humus),

id. M. 15, 97:

Caecuba,

Plin. 16, 37, 67, § 173:

florem (imber),

Cat. 62, 41 al.:

lepores, apros,

Hor. Ep. 1, 15, 22.—

To possess, hold (cf. nutrire = trephein), Verg. Cul. 13.

ăb, ā, abs, prep. with abl. This IndoEuropean particle (Sanscr. apa or ava, Etr. av, Gr. upo, Goth. af, Old Germ. aba, New Germ. ab, Engl. of, off) has in Latin the following forms: ap, af, ab (av), au-, a, a; aps, abs, as-. The existence of the oldest form, ap, is proved by the oldest and best MSS. analogous to the prep. apud, the Sanscr. api, and Gr. epi, and by the weakened form af, which, by the rule of historical grammar and the nature of the Latin letter f, can be derived only from ap, not from ab. The form af, weakened from ap, also very soon became obsolete. There are but five examples of it in inscriptions, at the end of the sixth and in the course of the seventh century B. C., viz.:

AF VOBEIS,

Inscr. Orell. 3114;

AF MVRO,

ib. 6601;

AF CAPVA,

ib. 3308;

AF SOLO,

ib. 589;

AF LYCO,

ib. 3036 ( afuolunt =avolant, Paul. ex Fest. p. 26 Mull., is only a conjecture). In the time of Cicero this form was regarded as archaic, and only here and there used in account-books; v. Cic. Or. 47, 158 (where the correct reading is af, not abs or ab), and cf. Ritschl, Monum. Epigr. p. 7 sq.—The second form of this preposition, changed from ap, was ab, which has become the principal form and the one most generally used through all periods—and indeed the only oue used before all vowels and h; here and there also before some consonants, particularly l, n, r, and s; rarely before c, j, d, t; and almost never before the labials p, b, f, v, or before m, such examples as ab Massiliensibus, Caes. B. C. 1, 35, being of the most rare occurrence.—By changing the b of ab through v into u, the form au originated, which was in use only in the two compounds aufero and aufugio for abfero, ab-fugio; aufuisse for afuisse, in Cod. Medic. of Tac. A. 12, 17, is altogether unusual. Finally, by dropping the b of ab, and lengthening the a, ab was changed into a, which form, together with ab, predominated through all periods of the Latin language, and took its place before all consonants in the later years of Cicero, and after him almoet exclusively.—By dropping the b without lengthening the a, ab occurs in the form a- in the two compounds a-bio and a-perio, q. v.—On the other hand, instead of reducing ap to a and a, a strengthened collateral form, aps, was made by adding to ap the letter s (also used in particles, as in ex, mox, vix). From the first, aps was used only before the letters c, q, t, and was very soon changed into abs (as ap into ab):

abs chorago,

Plaut. Pers. 1, 3, 79 (159 Ritschl):

abs quivis,

Ter. Ad. 2, 3, 1:

abs terra,

Cato, R. R. 51;

and in compounds: aps-cessero,

Plaut. Trin. 3, 1, 24 (625 R.); id. ib. 3, 2, 84 (710 R): abs-condo, abs-que, abs-tineo, etc. The use of abs was confined almost exclusively to the combination abs te during the whole ante-classic period, and with Cicero till about the year 700 A. U. C. (=B. C. 54). After that time Cicero evidently hesitates between abs te and a te, but during the last five or six years of his life a te became predominant in all his writings, even in his letters; consequently abs te appears but rarely in later authors, as in Liv. 10, 19, 8; 26, 15, 12;

and who, perhaps, also used abs conscendentibus,

id. 28, 37, 2; v. Drakenb. ad. h. l. (Weissenb. ab).—Finally abs, in consequence of the following p, lost its b, and became ds- in the three compounds aspello, as-porto, and as-pernor (for asspernor); v. these words.—The late Lat. verb abbrevio may stand for adbrevio, the d of ad being assimilated to the following b.The fundamental signification of ab is departure from some fixed point (opp. to ad. which denotes motion to a point).

In space, and,

Fig., in time and other relations, in which the idea of departure from some point, as from source and origin, is included; Engl. from, away from, out of; down from; since, after; by, at, in, on, etc.

Lit., in space: ab classe ad urbem tendunt, Att. ap. Non. 495, 22 (Trag. Rel. p. 177 Rib.):

Caesar maturat ab urbe proficisci,

Caes. B. G. 1, 7:

fuga ab urbe turpissima,

Cic. Att. 7, 21:

ducite ab urbe domum, ducite Daphnim,

Verg. E. 8, 68. Cicero himself gives the difference between ab and ex thus: si qui mihi praesto fuerit cum armatis hominibus extra meum fundum et me introire prohibuerit, non ex eo, sed ab ( from, away from) eo loco me dejecerit....Unde dejecti Galli? A Capitolio. Unde, qui cum Graccho fucrunt? Ex Capitolio, etc., Cic. Caecin. 30, 87; cf. Diom. p. 408 P., and a similar distinction between ad and in under ad.—Ellipt.: Diogenes Alexandro roganti, ut diceret, si quid opus esset: Nunc quidem paululum, inquit, a sole, a little out of the sun, Cic. Tusc. 5, 32, 92. —Often joined with usque:

illam (mulierem) usque a mari supero Romam proficisci,

all the way from, Cic. Clu. 68, 192; v. usque, I.—And with ad, to denote the space passed over: siderum genus ab ortu ad occasum commeant, from... to, Cic. N. D. 2, 19 init.; cf. ab... in:

venti a laevo latere in dextrum, ut sol, ambiunt,

Plin. 2, 47, 48, § 128.

Sometimes with names of cities and small islands, or with domus (instead of the usual abl.), partie., in militnry and nautieal language, to denote the marching of soldiers, the setting out of a flcet, or the departure of the inhabitants from some place:

oppidum ab Aenea fugiente a Troja conditum,

Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 33:

quemadmodum (Caesar) a Gergovia discederet,

Caes. B. G. 7, 43 fin.; so id. ib. 7, 80 fin.; Sall. J. 61; 82; 91; Liv. 2, 33, 6 al.; cf.:

ab Arimino M. Antonium cum cohortibus quinque Arretium mittit,

Caes. B. C. 1, 11 fin.; and:

protinus a Corfinio in Siciliam miserat,

id. ib. 1, 25, 2:

profecti a domo,

Liv. 40, 33, 2;

of setting sail: cum exercitus vestri numquam a Brundisio nisi hieme summa transmiserint,

Cic. Imp. Pomp. 12, 32; so id. Fam. 15, 3, 2; Caes. B. C. 3, 23; 3, 24 fin.:

classe qua advecti ab domo fuerant,

Liv. 8, 22, 6;

of citizens: interim ab Roma legatos venisse nuntiatum est,

Liv. 21, 9, 3; cf.:

legati ab Orico ad M. Valerium praetorem venerunt,

id. 24, 40, 2.

Sometimes with names of persons or with pronouns: pestem abige a me, Enn. ap. Cic. Ac. 2, 28, 89 (Trag. v. 50 Vahl.):

Quasi ad adulescentem a patre ex Seleucia veniat,

Plaut. Trin. 3, 3, 41; cf.:

libertus a Fuflis cum litteris ad Hermippum venit,

Cic. Fl. 20, 47:

Nigidium a Domitio Capuam venisse,

id. Att. 7, 24:

cum a vobis discessero,

id. Sen. 22:

multa merces tibi defluat ab Jove Neptunoque,

Hor. C. 1, 28, 29 al. So often of a person instead of his house, lodging, etc.: videat forte hic te a patre aliquis exiens, from the father, i. e. from his house, Ter. Heaut. 2, 2, 6:

so a fratre,

id. Phorm. 5, 1, 5:

a Pontio,

Cic. Att. 5, 3 fin.:

ab ea,

Ter. And. 1, 3, 21; and so often: a me, a nobis, a se, etc., from my, our, his house, etc., Plaut. Stich. 5, 1, 7; Ter. Heaut. 3, 2, 50; Cic. Att. 4, 9, 1 al.

Transf., without the idea of motion. To designate separation or distance, with the verbs abesse, distare, etc., and with the particles longe, procul, prope, etc.

Of separation:

ego te afuisse tam diu a nobis dolui,

Cic. Fam. 2, 1, 2:

abesse a domo paulisper maluit,

id. Verr. 2, 4, 18, § 39:

tum Brutus ab Roma aberat,

Sall. C. 40, 5:

absint lacerti ab stabulis,

Verg. G. 4, 14.—

Of distance:

quot milia fundus suus abesset ab urbe,

Cic. Caecin. 10, 28; cf.:

nos in castra properabamus, quae aberant bidui,

id. Att. 5, 16 fin.; and:

hic locus aequo fere spatio ab castris Ariovisti et Caesaris aberat,

Caes. B. G. 1, 43, 1:

terrae ab hujusce terrae, quam nos incolimus, continuatione distantes,

Cic. N. D. 2, 66, 164:

non amplius pedum milibus duobus ab castris castra distabant,

Caes. B. C. 1, 82, 3; cf. id. lb. 1, 3, 103.—With adverbs: annos multos longinque ab domo bellum gerentes, Enn. ap. Non. 402, 3 (Trag. v. 103 Vahl.):

cum domus patris a foro longe abesset,

Cic. Cael. 7, 18 fin.; cf.:

qui fontes a quibusdam praesidiis aberant longius,

Caes. B. C. 3, 49, 5:

quae procul erant a conspectu imperii,

Cic. Agr. 2, 32, 87; cf.:

procul a castris hostes in collibus constiterunt,

Caes. B. G. 5, 17, 1; and:

tu procul a patria Alpinas nives vides,

Verg. E. 10, 46 (procul often also with simple abl.;

v. procul): cum esset in Italia bellum tam prope a Sicilia, tamen in Sicilia non fuit,

Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 2, § 6; cf.:

tu apud socrum tuam prope a meis aedibus sedebas,

id. Pis. 11, 26; and:

tam prope ab domo detineri,

id. Verr. 2, 2, 3, § 6.—So in Caesar and Livy, with numerals to designate the measure of the distance:

onerariae naves, quae ex eo loco ab milibus passuum octo vento tenebatur,

eight miles distant, Caes. B. G. 4, 22, 4; and without mentioning the terminus a quo: ad castra contenderunt, et ab milibus passunm minus duobus castra posuerunt, less than two miles off or distant, id. ib. 2, 7, 3; so id. ib. 2, 5, 32; 6, 7, 3; id. B. C. 1, 65; Liv. 38, 20, 2 (for which:

duo milia fere et quingentos passus ab hoste posuerunt castra,

id. 37, 38, 5). —

To denote the side or direction from which an object is viewed in its local relations,=a parte, at, on, in: utrum hacin feriam an ab laeva latus? Enn. ap. Plaut. Cist. 3, 10 (Trag. v. 38 Vahl.); cf.:

picus et cornix ab laeva, corvos, parra ab dextera consuadent,

Plaut. As. 2, 1, 12: clamore ab ea parte audito. on this side, Caes. B. G. 3, 26, 4: Gallia Celtica attingit ab Sequanis et Helvetiis flumen Rhenum, on the side of the Sequani, i. e. their country, id. ib. 1, 1, 5:

pleraque Alpium ab Italia sicut breviora ita arrectiora sunt,

on the Italian side, Liv. 21, 35, 11:

non eadem diligentia ab decumuna porta castra munita,

at the main entrance, Caes. B. G. 3, 25 fin.:

erat a septentrionibus collis,

on the north, id. ib. 7, 83, 2; so, ab oriente, a meridie, ab occasu; a fronte, a latere, a tergo, etc. (v. these words).

Fig.

In time.

From a [p. 3] point of time, without reference to the period subsequently elapsed. After:

Exul ab octava Marius bibit,

Juv. 1,40:

mulieres jam ab re divin[adot ] adparebunt domi,

immediately after the sucrifice, Plaut. Poen. 3, 3, 4:

Caesar ab decimae legionis cohortatione ad dextrum cornu profectus,

Caes. B. G. 2, 25, 1:

ab hac contione legati missi sunt,

immediately after, Liv. 24, 22, 6; cf. id. 28, 33, 1; 40, 47, 8; 40, 49, 1 al.:

ab eo magistratu,

after this office, Sall. J. 63, 5:

a summa spe novissima exspectabat,

after the greatest hope, Tac. A. 6, 50 fin. —Strengthened by the adverbs primum, confestim, statim, protinus, or the adj. recens, immediately after, soon after:

ut primum a tuo digressu Romam veni,

Cic. Att. 1, 5, 4; so Suet. Tib. 68:

confestim a proelio expugnatis hostium castris,

Liv. 30, 36, 1:

statim a funere,

Suet. Caes. 85;

and followed by statim: ab itinere statim,

id. ib. 60:

protinus ab adoptione,

Vell. 2, 104, 3:

Homerus qui recens ab illorum actate fuit,

soon after their time, Cic. N. D. 3, 5; so Varr. R. R. 2, 8, 2; Verg. A. 6, 450 al. (v. also primum, confestim, etc.).—

Sometimes with the name of a person or place, instead of an action: ibi mihi tuae litterae binae redditae sunt tertio abs te die,

i. e. after their departure from you, Cic. Att. 5, 3, 1: in Italiam perventum est quinto mense a Carthagine Nov[adot ], i. e. after leaving (=postquam a Carthagine profecti sunt), Liv. 21, 38, 1:

secundo Punico (bello) Scipionis classis XL. die a securi navigavit,

i. e. after its having been built, Plin. 16, 39, 74, § 192. —Hence the poct. expression: ab his, after this (cf. ek toutôn), i. e. after these words, hereupon, Ov. M. 3, 273; 4, 329; 8, 612; 9, 764.

With reference to a subsequent period. From, since, after:

ab hora tertia bibebatur,

from the third hour, Cic. Phil. 2, 41:

infinito ex tempore, non ut antea, ab Sulla et Pompeio consulibus,

since the consulship of, id. Agr. 2, 21, 56:

vixit ab omni aeternitate,

from all eternity, id. Div. 1, 51, 115:

cum quo a condiscipulatu vivebat conjunctissime,

Nep. Att. 5, 3:

in Lycia semper a terrae motu XL. dies serenos esse,

after an earthquake, Plin. 2, 96, 98, § 211 al.:

centesima lux est haec ab interitu P. Clodii,

since the death of, Cic. Mil. 35, 98; cf.:

cujus a morte quintus hic et tricesimus annus est,

id. Sen. 6, 19; and:

ab incenso Capitolio illum esse vigesumiun annum,

since, Sall. C. 47, 2:

diebus triginta, a qua die materia caesa est,

Caes. B. C. 1, 36.—Sometimes joined with usque and inde:

quod augures omnes usque ab Romulo decreverunt,

since the time of, Cic. Vat. 8, 20:

jam inde ab infelici pugna ceciderant animi,

from the very beginning of, Liv. 2, 65 fin. —Hence the adverbial expressions ab initio, a principio, a primo, at, in, or from the beginning, at first; v. initium, principium, primus. Likewise ab integro, anew, afresh; v. integer.—Ab... ad, from (a time)... to:

ab hora octava ad vesperum secreto collocuti sumus,

Cic. Att. 7, 8, 4; cf.:

cum ab hora septima ad vesperum pugnatum sit,

Caes. B. G. 1, 26, 2; and:

a quo tempore ad vos consules anni sunt septingenti octoginta unus,

Vell. 1, 8, 4; and so in Plautus strengthened by usque:

pugnata pugnast usque a mane ad vesperum,

from morning to evening, Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 97; id. Most. 3, 1, 3; 3, 2, 80.—Rarely ab... in: Romani ab sole orto in multum diei stetere in acie, from... till late in the day, Liv. 27, 2, 9; so Col. 2, 10, 17; Plin. 2, 31, 31, § 99; 2, 103, 106, § 229; 4, 12, 26, § 89.

Particularly with nouns denoting a time of life:

qui homo cum animo inde ab ineunte aetate depugnat suo,

from an early age, from early youth, Plaut. Trin. 2, 2, 24; so Cic. Off. 2, 13, 44 al.:

mihi magna cum co jam inde a pueritia fuit semper famillaritas,

Ter. Heaut. 1, 2, 9; so,

a pueritia,

Cic. Tusc. 2, 11, 27 fin.; id. Fam. 5, 8, 4:

jam inde ab adulescentia,

Ter. Ad. 1, 1, 16:

ab adulescentia,

Cic. Rep. 2, 1:

jam a prima adulescentia,

id. Fam. 1, 9, 23:

ab ineunte adulescentia,

id. ib. 13, 21, 1; cf.

followed by ad: usque ad hanc aetatem ab incunte adulescentia,

Plaut. Trin. 2, 2, 20:

a primis temporibus aetatis,

Cic. Fam. 4, 3, 3:

a teneris unguiculis,

from childhood, id. ib. 1, 6, 2:

usque a toga pura,

id. Att. 7, 8, 5:

jam inde ab incunabulis,

Liv. 4, 36, 5:

a prima lanugine,

Suet. Oth. 12:

viridi ab aevo,

Ov. Tr. 4, 10, 17 al.;

rarely of animals: ab infantia,

Plin. 10, 63, 83, § 182.—Instead of the nom. abstr. very often (like the Greek ek paioôn, etc.) with concrete substantives: a pucro, ab adulescente, a parvis, etc., from childhood, etc.:

qui olim a puero parvulo mihi paedagogus fuerat,

Plaut. Merc. 1, 1, 90; so,

a pausillo puero,

id. Stich. 1, 3, 21:

a puero,

Cic. Ac. 2, 36, 115; id. Fam. 13, 16, 4 (twice) al.:

a pueris,

Cic. Tusc. 1, 24, 57; id. de Or. 1, 1, 2 al.:

ab adulescente,

id. Quint. 3, 12:

ab infante,

Col. 1, 8, 2:

a parva virgine,

Cat. 66, 26 al. —Likewise and in the same sense with adject.: a parvo, from a little child, or childhood, Liv. 1, 39, 6 fin.; cf.:

a parvis,

Ter. And. 3, 3, 7; Cic. Leg. 2, 4, 9:

a parvulo,

Ter. And. 1, 1, 8; id. Ad. 1, 1, 23; cf.:

ab parvulis,

Caes. B. G. 6, 21, 3:

ab tenero,

Col. 5, 6, 20;

and rarely of animals: (vacca) a bima aut trima fructum ferre incipit,

Varr. R. R. 2, 1, 13.

In other relations in which the idea of going forth, proceeding, from something is included.

In gen. to denote departure, separation, deterring, avoiding, intermitting, etc., or distance, difference, etc., of inanimate or abstract things. From: jus atque aecum se a malis spernit procul, Enn. ap. Non. 399, 10 (Trag. v. 224 Vahl.):

suspitionem et culpam ut ab se segregent,

Plaut. Trin. 1, 2, 42:

qui discessum animi a corpore putent esse mortem,

Cic. Tusc. 1, 9, 18:

hic ab artificio suo non recessit,

id. ib. 1, 10, 20 al.:

quod si exquiratur usque ab stirpe auctoritas,

Plaut. Trin. 1, 2, 180:

condicionem quam ab te peto,

id. ib. 2, 4, 87; cf.:

mercedem gloriae flagitas ab iis, quorum, etc.,

Cic. Tusc. 1, 15, 34:

si quid ab illo acceperis,

Plaut. Trin. 2, 2, 90:

quae (i. e. antiquitas) quo propius aberat ab ortu et divina progenie,

Cic. Tusc. 1, 12, 26:

ab defensione desistere,

Caes. B. C. 2, 12, 4:

ne quod tempus ab opere intermitteretur,

id. B. G. 7, 24, 2:

ut homines adulescentis a dicendi studio deterream,

Cic. de Or. 1, 25, 117, etc.—Of distance (in order, rank, mind, or feeling):

qui quartus ab Arcesila fuit,

the fourth in succession from, Cic. Ac. 1, 12, 46:

tu nunc eris alter ab illo,

next after him, Verg. E. 5, 49; cf.:

Aiax, heros ab Achille secundus,

next in rank to, Hor. S. 2, 3, 193:

quid hoc ab illo differt,

from, Cic. Caecin. 14, 39; cf.:

hominum vita tantum distat a victu et cultu bestiarum,

id. Off. 2, 4, 15; and:

discrepare ab aequitate sapientiam,

id. Rep. 3, 9 fin. (v. the verbs differo, disto, discrepo, dissideo, dissentio, etc.):

quae non aliena esse ducerem a dignitate,

Cic. Fam. 4, 7:

alieno a te animo fuit,

id. Deiot. 9, 24 (v. alienus). —So the expression ab re (qs. aside from the matter, profit; cf. the opposite, in rem), contrary to one's profit, to a loss, disadvantageous (so in the affirmative very rare and only ante-class.):

subdole ab re consulit,

Plaut. Trin. 2, 1, 12; cf. id. Capt. 2, 2, 88; more frequently and class. (but not with Cicero) in the negative, non, haud, ab re, not without advantage or profit, not useless or unprofitable, adcantageous:

haut est ab re aucupis,

Plaut. As. 1, 3, 71:

non ab re esse Quinctii visum est,

Liv. 35, 32, 6; so Plin. 27, 8, 35; 31, 3, 26; Suet. Aug. 94; id. Dom. 11; Gell. 18, 14 fin.; App. Dogm. Plat. 3, p. 31, 22 al. (but in Ter. Ad. 5, 3, 44, ab re means with respect to the money matter).

In partic.

To denote an agent from whom an action proceeds, or by whom a thing is done or takes place. By, and in archaic and solemn style, of. So most frequently with pass. or intrans. verbs with pass. signif., when the active object is or is considered as a living being: Laudari me abs te, a laudato viro, Naev. ap. Cic. Tusc. 4, 31, 67: injuria abs te afficior, Enn. ap. Auct. Her. 2, 24, 38:

a patre deductus ad Scaevolam,

Cic. Lael. 1, 1:

ut tamquam a praesentibus coram haberi sermo videretur,

id. ib. 1, 3:

disputata ab eo,

id. ib. 1, 4 al.:

illa (i. e. numerorum ac vocum vis) maxime a Graecia vetere celebrata,

id. de Or. 3, 51, 197:

ita generati a natura sumus,

id. Off. 1, 29, 103; cf.:

pars mundi damnata a rerum natura,

Plin. 4, 12, 26, § 88:

niagna adhibita cura est a providentia deorum,

Cic. N. D. 2, 51 al. —With intrans. verbs:

quae (i. e. anima) calescit ab eo spiritu,

is warmed by this breath, Cic. N. D. 2, 55, 138; cf. Ov. M. 1, 417: (mare) qua a sole collucet, Cic. Ac. 2, 105:

salvebis a meo Cicerone,

i. e. young Cicero sends his compliments to you, id. Att. 6, 2 fin.:

a quibus (Atheniensibus) erat profectus,

i. e. by whose command, Nep. Milt. 2, 3:

ne vir ab hoste cadat,

Ov. H. 9, 36 al. —A substantive or adjective often takes the place of the verb (so with de, q. v.):

levior est plaga ab amico quam a debitore,

Cic. Fam. 9, 16, 7; cf.:

a bestiis ictus, morsus, impetus,

id. Off. 2, 6, 19:

si calor est a sole,

id. N. D. 2, 52:

ex iis a te verbis (for a te scriptis),

id. Att. 16, 7, 5:

metu poenae a Romanis,

Liv. 32, 23, 9:

bellum ingens a Volscis et Aequis,

id. 3, 22, 2:

ad exsolvendam fldem a consule,

id. 27, 5, 6.—With an adj.:

lassus ab equo indomito,

Hor. S. 2, 2, 10:

Murus ab ingenic notior ille tuo,

Prop. 5, 1, 126:

tempus a nostris triste malis,

time made sad by our misfortunes, Ov. Tr. 4, 3, 36.—Different from per:

vulgo occidebantur: per quos et a quibus?

by whom and upon whose orders? Cic. Rosc. Am. 29, 80 (cf. id. ib. 34, 97: cujus consilio occisus sit, invenio; cujus manu sit percussus, non laboro); so,

ab hoc destitutus per Thrasybulum (i. e. Thrasybulo auctore),

Nep. Alc. 5, 4.—Ambiguity sometimes arises from the fact that the verb in the pass. would require ab if used in the active:

si postulatur a populo,

if the people demand it, Cic. Off. 2, 17, 58, might also mean, if it is required of the people; on the contrary: quod ab eo (Lucullo) laus imperatoria non admodum exspectabatur, not since he did not expect military renown, but since they did not expect military renown from him, Cic. Ac. 2, 1, 2, and so often; cf. Rudd. II. p. 213. (The use of the active dative, or dative of the agent, instead of ab with the pass., is well known, Zumpt, § 419. It is very seldom found in prose writers of the golden age of Roman liter.; with Cic. sometimes joined with the participles auditus, cognitus, constitutus, perspectus, provisus, susceptus; cf. Halm ad Cic. Imp. Pomp. 24, 71, and ad ejusdem, Cat. 1, 7 fin.; but freq. at a later period; e. g. in Pliny, in Books 2-4 of H. N., more than twenty times; and likewise in Tacitus seventeen times. Vid. the passages in Nipperd. ad Tac. A. 2, 49.) Far more unusual is the simple abl. in the designation of persons:

deseror conjuge,

Ov. H. 12, 161; so id. ib. 5, 75; id. M. 1, 747; Verg. A. 1, 274; Hor. C. 2, 4, 9; 1, 6, 2;

and in prose,

Quint. 3, 4, 2; Sen. Contr. 2, 1; Curt. 6, 7, 8; cf. Rudd. II. p. 212; Zumpt ad Quint. V. p. 122 Spalding.—Hence the adverbial phrase a se=uph heautou, sua sponte, of one's own uccord, spontaneously:

ipsum a se oritur et sua sponte nascitur,

Cic. Fin. 2, 24, 78:

(urna) ab se cantat quoja sit,

Plaut. Rud. 2, 5, 21 (al. eapse; cf. id. Men. 1, 2, 66); so Col. 11, 1, 5; Liv. 44, 33, 6.

With names of towns to denote origin, extraction, instead of gentile adjectives. From, of:

pastores a Pergamide,

Varr. R. R. 2, 2, 1:

Turnus ab Aricia,

Liv. 1, 50, 3 (for which Aricinus, id. 1, 51, 1):

obsides dant trecentos principum a Cora atque Pometia liberos,

Liv. 2, 22, 2; and poet.: O longa mundi servator ab Alba, Auguste, thou who art descended from the old Alban race of kings (=oriundus, or ortus regibus Albanis), Prop. 5, 6, 37.

In giving the etymology of a name: eam rem (sc. legem, Gr. nomon) illi Graeco putant nomine a suum cuique tribuendo appellatam, ego nostro a legendo, Cic. Leg. 1, 6, 19: annum intervallum regni fuit: id ab re... interregnum appellatum, Liv. 1, 17, 6:

(sinus maris) ab nomine propinquae urbis Ambracius appellatus,

id. 38, 4, 3; and so Varro in his Ling. Lat., and Pliny, in Books 1-5 of H. N., on almost every page. (Cf. also the arts. ex and de.)

With verbs of beginning and repeating: a summo bibere, in Plaut. to drink in succession from the one at the head of the table:

da, puere, ab summo,

Plaut. As. 5, 2, 41; so,

da ab Delphio cantharum circum, id Most. 1, 4, 33: ab eo nobis causa ordienda est potissimum,

Cic. Leg. 1, 7, 21:

coepere a fame mala,

Liv. 4, 12, 7:

cornicem a cauda de ovo exire,

tail-foremost, Plin. 10, 16, 18:

a capite repetis, quod quaerimus,

Cic. Leg. 1, 6, 18 al.

With verbs of freeing from, defending, or protecting against any thing:

a foliis et stercore purgato,

Cato, R. R. 65 (66), 1:

tantumne ab re tuast oti tibi?

Ter. Heaut. 1, [p. 4] 1, 23; cf.:

Saguntini ut a proeliis quietem habuerant,

Liv. 21, 11, 5:

expiandum forum ab illis nefarii sceleris vestigiis,

Cic. Rab. Perd. 4, 11:

haec provincia non modo a calamitate, sed etiam a metu calamitatis est defendenda,

id. Imp. Pomp. 6, 14 (v. defendo):

ab incendio urbem vigiliis munitam intellegebat,

Sall. C. 32:

ut neque sustinere se a lapsu possent,

Liv. 21, 35, 12:

ut meam domum metueret atque a me ipso caveret,

Cic. Sest. 64, 133.

With verbs of expecting, fearing, hoping, and the like, ab =a parte, as, Cic. Att. 9, 7, 4: cum eadem metuam ab hac parte, since I fear the same from this side; hence, timere, metuere ab aliquo, not, to be afraid of any one, but, to fear something (proceeding from) from him:

el metul a Chryside,

Ter. And. 1, 1, 79; cf.:

ab Hannibale metuens,

Liv. 23, 36; and:

metus a praetore,

id. 23, 15, 7;

v. Weissenb. ad h. l.: a quo quidem genere, judices, ego numquam timui,

Cic. Sull. 20, 59:

postquam nec ab Romanis robis ulla est spes,

you can expect nothing from the Romans, Liv. 21, 13, 4.

With verbs of fastening and holding:

funiculus a puppi religatus,

Cic. Inv. 2, 51, 154:

cum sinistra capillum ejus a vertice teneret,

Q. Cic. Pet. Cons. 3.

Ulcisci se ab aliquo, to take vengeance on one:

a ferro sanguis humanus se ulciscitur,

Plin. 34, 14, 41 fin.

Cognoscere ab aliqua re to knoio or learn by means of something (different from ab aliquo, to learn from some one):

id se a Gallicis armis atque insignibus cognovisse,

Caes. B. G. 1, 22.

Dolere, laborare, valere ab, instead of the simple abl.:

doleo ab animo, doleo ab oculis, doleo ab aegritudine,

Plaut. Cist. 1, 1, 62:

a morbo valui, ab animo aeger fui,

id. Ep. 1, 2, 26; cf. id. Aul. 2, 2, 9:

a frigore et aestu ne quid laborent,

Varr. R. R. 2, 2, 17; so,

a frigore laborantibus,

Plin. 32, 10, 46, § 133; cf.:

laborare ab re frumentaria,

Caes. B. G. 7, 10, 1; id. B. C. 3, 9; v. laboro.

Where verbs and adjectives are joined with ab, instead of the simple abl., ab defines more exactly the respect in which that which is expressed by the verb or adj. is to be understood, in relation to, with regard to, in respect to, on the part of:

ab ingenio improbus,

Plaut. Truc. 4, 3, 59:

a me pudica'st,

id. Curc. 1, 1, 51:

orba ab optimatibus contio,

Cic. Fl. 23, 54; ro Ov. H. 6,156: securos vos ab hac parte reddemus, Planc. ap. Cic. Fam. 10, 24 fin. (v. securus):

locus copiosus a frumento,

Cic. Att. 5, 18, 2; cf.:

sumus imparati cum a militibas tum a pecunia,

id. ib. 7, 15 fin.:

ille Graecus ab omni laude felicior,

id. Brut. 16, 63:

ab una parte haud satis prosperuin,

Liv. 1, 32, 2 al.;

so often in poets ab arte=arte,

artfully, Tib. 1, 5, 4; 1, 9, 66; Ov. Am. 2, 4, 30.

In the statement of the motive instead of ex, propter, or the simple abl. causae, from, out of, on account of, in consequence of: ab singulari amore scribo, Balb. ap. Cic. Att. 9, 7, B fin.:

linguam ab irrisu exserentem,

thrusting out the tongue in derision, Liv. 7, 10, 5:

ab honore,

id. 1, 8; so, ab ira, a spe, ab odio, v. Drak. ad Liv. 24, 30, 1: 26, 1, 3; cf. also Kritz and Fabri ad Sall. J. 31, 3, and Fabri ad Liv. 21, 36, 7.

Especially in the poets instead of the gen.:

ab illo injuria,

Ter. And. 1, 1, 129:

fulgor ab auro,

Lucr. 2, 5:

dulces a fontibus undae,

Verg. G. 2, 243.

In indicating a part of the whole, for the more usual ex, of, out of:

scuto ab novissimis uni militi detracto,

Caes. B. G. 2, 25, 1:

nonnuill ab novissimis,

id. ib.; Cic. Sest. 65, 137; cf. id. ib. 59 fin.: a quibus (captivis) ad Senatum missus (Regulus).

In marking that from which any thing proceeds, and to which it belongs:

qui sunt ab ea disciplina,

Cic. Tusc. 2, 3, 7:

ab eo qui sunt,

id. Fin. 4, 3, 7:

nostri illi a Platone et Aristotele aiunt,

id. Mur. 30, 63 (in imitation of oi upo tinos).

To designate an office or dignity (with or without servus; so not freq. till after the Aug. period;

in Cic. only once): Pollex, servus a pedibus meus,

one of my couriers, Cic. Att. 8, 5, 1; so,

a manu servus,

a secretary, Suet. Caes. 74: Narcissum ab eplstulis ( secretary) et Pallantem a rationibus ( accountant), id. Claud. 28; and so, ab actis, ab admissione, ab aegris, ab apotheca, ab argento, a balneis, a bibliotheca, a codicillis, a jumentis, a potione, etc. (v. these words and Inscr. Orell. vol. 3, Ind. xi. p. 181 sq.).

The use of ab before adverbs is for the most part peculiar to later Latinity:

a peregre,

Vitr. 5, 7 (6), 8:

a foris,

Plin. 17, 24, 37; Vulg. Gen, 7, 16; ib. Matt. 23, 27:

ab intus,

ib. ib. 7, 15:

ab invicem,

App. Herb. 112; Vulg. Matt. 25, 32; Cypr. Ep. 63, 9: Hier. Ep. 18:

a longe,

Hyg. Fab. 257; Vulg. Gen. 22, 4; ib. Matt. 26, 58:

a modo,

ib. ib. 23, 39;

Hier. Vit. Hilar.: a nune,

Vulg. Luc. 1, 48:

a sursum,

ib. Marc. 15, 38.

Ab is not repeated like most other prepositions (v. ad, ex, in, etc.) with pron. interrog. or relat. after subst. and pron. demonstr. with ab:

Arsinoen, Stratum, Naupactum...fateris ab hostibus esse captas. Quibus autem hostibus? Nempe iis, quos, etc.,

Cic. Pis. 37, 91:

a rebus gerendis senectus abstrahit. Quibus? An iis, quae in juventute geruntur et viribus?

id. Sen. 6:

a Jove incipiendum putat. Quo Jove?

id. Rep. 1, 36, 56:

res publica, quascumque vires habebit, ab iis ipsis, quibus tenetur, de te propediem impetrabit,

id. Fam. 4, 13, 5.—

Ab in Plantus is once put after the word which it governs: quo ab, As. 1, 1, 106.—

It is in various ways separated from the word which it governs:

a vitae periculo,

Cic. Brut. 91, 313:

a nullius umquam me tempore aut commodo,

id. Arch. 6, 12:

a minus bono,

Sall. C. 2, 6:

a satis miti principio,

Liv. 1, 6, 4:

damnis dives ab ipsa suis,

Ov. H. 9, 96; so id. ib. 12, 18; 13, 116.—

The poets join a and que, making aque; but in good prose que is annexed to the following abl. (a meque, abs teque, etc.):

aque Chao,

Verg. G. 4, 347:

aque mero,

Ov. M. 3, 631:

aque viro,

id. H. 6, 156:

aque suis,

id. Tr. 5, 2, 74 al. But:

a meque,

Cic. Fam. 2, 16, 1:

abs teque,

id. Att. 3, 15, 4:

a teque,

id. ib. 8, 11, §

7: a primaque adulescentia,

id. Brut. 91, 315 al. —

A Greek noun joined with ab stands in the dat.: a parte negotiati, hoc est pragmatikê, removisse, Quint. 3, 7, 1.

In composition ab,

Retains its original signif.: abducere, to take or carry away from some place: abstrahere, to draw auay; also, downward: abicere, to throw down; and denoting a departure from the idea of the simple word, it has an effect apparently privative: absimilis, departing from the similar, unlike: abnormis, departing from the rule, unusual (different from dissimilis, enormis); and so also in amens=a mente remotus, alienus ( out of one's senses, without self-control, insane): absurdus, missounding, then incongruous, irrational: abutor (in one of its senses), to misuse: aborior, abortus, to miscarry: abludo; for the privative force the Latin regularly employs in-, v. 2. in.—

It more rarely designates completeness, as in absorbere, abutor ( to use up). (The designation of the fourth generation in the ascending or descending line by ab belongs here only in appearance; as abavus for quartus pater, great-great-grandfather, although the Greeks introduced upopappos; for the immutability of the syllable ab in abpatrnus and abmatertera, as well as the signif. Of the word abavus, grandfather's grandfather, imitated in abnepos, grandchild's grandchild, seems to point to a derivation from avi avus, as Festus, p. 13 Mull., explains atavus, by atta avi, or, rather, attae avus.)

ălumnus, a, um, adj. [qs. contr. of alomenos, from alo].

That is nourished, brought up; for the most part subst.

ălumnus, i, m., a nursling, a pupil, foster-son.

Lit. (most freq. in the poets.): desiderio alumnūm ( = alumnorum), Pac. ap. Non. 243, 6 (Trag. Rel. p. 116 Rib.):

erus atque alumnus tuus sum,

Plaut. Merc. 4, 5, 7:

quid voveat dulci nutricula majus alumno?

Hor. Ep. 1, 4, 8; Verg. A. 11, 33:

Tityon, terrae omniparentis alumnum,

id. ib. 6, 595; so Ov. M. 4, 524; cf.

with 421: legionum alumnus,

i. e. brought up in the camp, Tac. A. 1, 44; cf. id. 1, 41:

Vatinius sutrinae tabernae alumnus,

id. ib. 15, 34:

suum flevit alumnum,

Val. Fl. 8, 94: alumni hominum peccatorum, * Vulg. Num. 32, 14.—Of the inhabitants of a country (cf. altrix):

Italia alumnum suum summo supplicio fixum videret,

Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 66;

of cattle: Faune, abeas parvis Aequus alumnis,

Hor. C. 3, 18, 3; so id. ib. 3, 23, 7.—

Trop.:

ego itaque pacis, ut ita dicam, alumnus,

Cic. Phil. 7, 3:

alumnus fortunae,

a child of fortune, Plin. 7, 7, 5, § 43.—Hence, of pupils:

Platonis alumnus,

pupil, disciple, Cic. Fin. 4, 26:

alumnus disciplinae meae,

id. Fam. 9, 14.—

ălumna, ae, f., a foster-daughter, a pupil:

nostra haec alumna,

Plaut. Cist. 4, 2, 96:

Italia omnium terrarum alumna eadem et parens (i. e. quae ab aliis terris alitur),

Plin. 3, 5, 6, § 39:

aliquam filiam et alumnam praedicare,

Suet. Claud. 39:

trepidam hortatur alumnam,

Val. Fl. 5, 358.—Of frogs: aquai dulcis alumnae, Poët. ap. Cic. Div. 1, 9, 15.— Trop.: cana veritas Atticae philosophiae alumna, truth, the foster-child of Attic philosophy, Varr. ap. Non. 243, 2: jam bene constitutae civitatis quasi alumna quaedam, eloquentia, the foster-child of an already well-ordered state, * Cic. Brut. 12, 45:

cliens et alumna Urbis Ostia (as a colony of the same),

Flor. 3, 21.—

The neutr.:

numen alumnum,

Ov. M. 4, 421.—

In late Lat., act., nourishing; or subst., nourisher, one who brings up or educates:

cygnus alumna stagna petierat,

Mart. Cap. 1, p. 11.—Hence Isidorus: et qui alit et alitur, alumnus dici potest, Orig. 10, 1.

in-fans ( infas, Momms. Inscr. R. N. 66; 5376; Inscr. Grut. 688, 2), fantis ( gen. plur. infantium, but infantum, Plin. Ep. 9, 20, 14), adj. [in-for], that cannot speak, without speech, mute, speechless (class.):

seu rubra Canicula findet Infantes statuas,

Hor. S. 2, 5, 40:

filius Croesi,

Gell. 5, 9, 1:

scribit Herodotus, Croesi filium, cum infans esset, locutum,

Cic. Div. 1, 53, 121.—

Transf., not capable of speech, not eloquent:

infantes et insipientes homines,

Cic. Inv. 1, 3, 4.— Comp.: infantior, quam meus est mulio, Varr. ap. Non. 56, 11:

omnino nihil accusatore Lentulo subscriptoribusque ejus infantius,

Cic. Q. Fr. 3, 4 init. — Sup.:

ut timerem, si nihil dixissem, ne infantissimus existimarer,

incapable of speaking, Cic. Clu. 18, 51; cf.:

historia neque nimis infans, neque perfecte diserta,

id. Brut. 26, 101.—

Not yet able to speak, young, little, infant:

infantes pueri,

Cic. de Or. 2, 39, 162; cf. Varr. L. L. 6, § 64 Müll.:

infantium puerorum incunabula,

Cic. Rosc. Am. 53, 153:

pupilla,

id. Verr. 2, 1, 58, § 153:

filius,

id. Clu. 9, 27:

filia,

Suet. Ner. 35.—

Of the young of the brute creation: pulli,

Plin. 10, 33, 49, § 92:

catuli,

id. 29, 5, 32, § 100.— Of a plant, little:

boletus,

Plin. 22, 22, 46, § 93:

ova,

fresh, Ov. M. 4, 518.—

Esp. as subst.: infans, fantis, com. gen.

In gen., a young or little child, an infant, babe:

natura movet infantem,

Cic. Fin. 2, 11, 33:

non mulieribus, non infantibus pepercerunt,

Caes. B. G. 7, 28:

parvi,

Lucr. 1, 184:

in Sabinis incertus infans natus, masculus an femina esset,

Liv. 31, 12 med.:

rusticus,

Juv. 3, 176; 9, 60:

crassus,

id. 13, 163; 14, 168:

infantem suam reportavit,

Quint. 6, 1, 39:

infantumque animae flentes,

Verg. A. 6, 427:

semestris,

Liv. 21, 62:

ab infante,

from infancy, Col. 1, 8, 2; so,

ab infantibus (of more than one),

Cels. 7, 7, 15.—

Esp., of the unborn child:

infantem in utero matris Io triumphe clamasse,

Liv. 24, 10 fin. —

Of or belonging to an infant, infantine:

pectoraque absorbent avidis infantia linguis,

Ov. F. 6, 145:

infantia ossa,

id. M. 4, 517:

guttura,

id. ib. 4, 229:

tutus ut infanti vagiat ore puer,

id. F. 4, 208:

manus,

id. H. 9, 86:

umbrae,

of departed infants, id. ib. 11, 119.—

Childish, like a child. —Hence,

Silly:

illa Hortensiana omnia fuere infantia,

Cic. Att. 10, 18, 1.—

Speechless, not expressing itself in words:

pudor,

Hor. S. 1, 6, 57. —

For infandus, unutterable, unheard of (anteclass.): facinus, Att. ap. Non. 56, 12 (Trag. Fragm. v. 189 Rib.).

in-fans ( infas, Momms. Inscr. R. N. 66; 5376; Inscr. Grut. 688, 2), fantis ( gen. plur. infantium, but infantum, Plin. Ep. 9, 20, 14), adj. [in-for], that cannot speak, without speech, mute, speechless (class.):

seu rubra Canicula findet Infantes statuas,

Hor. S. 2, 5, 40:

filius Croesi,

Gell. 5, 9, 1:

scribit Herodotus, Croesi filium, cum infans esset, locutum,

Cic. Div. 1, 53, 121.—

Transf., not capable of speech, not eloquent:

infantes et insipientes homines,

Cic. Inv. 1, 3, 4.— Comp.: infantior, quam meus est mulio, Varr. ap. Non. 56, 11:

omnino nihil accusatore Lentulo subscriptoribusque ejus infantius,

Cic. Q. Fr. 3, 4 init. — Sup.:

ut timerem, si nihil dixissem, ne infantissimus existimarer,

incapable of speaking, Cic. Clu. 18, 51; cf.:

historia neque nimis infans, neque perfecte diserta,

id. Brut. 26, 101.—

Not yet able to speak, young, little, infant:

infantes pueri,

Cic. de Or. 2, 39, 162; cf. Varr. L. L. 6, § 64 Müll.:

infantium puerorum incunabula,

Cic. Rosc. Am. 53, 153:

pupilla,

id. Verr. 2, 1, 58, § 153:

filius,

id. Clu. 9, 27:

filia,

Suet. Ner. 35.—

Of the young of the brute creation: pulli,

Plin. 10, 33, 49, § 92:

catuli,

id. 29, 5, 32, § 100.— Of a plant, little:

boletus,

Plin. 22, 22, 46, § 93:

ova,

fresh, Ov. M. 4, 518.—

Esp. as subst.: infans, fantis, com. gen.

In gen., a young or little child, an infant, babe:

natura movet infantem,

Cic. Fin. 2, 11, 33:

non mulieribus, non infantibus pepercerunt,

Caes. B. G. 7, 28:

parvi,

Lucr. 1, 184:

in Sabinis incertus infans natus, masculus an femina esset,

Liv. 31, 12 med.:

rusticus,

Juv. 3, 176; 9, 60:

crassus,

id. 13, 163; 14, 168:

infantem suam reportavit,

Quint. 6, 1, 39:

infantumque animae flentes,

Verg. A. 6, 427:

semestris,

Liv. 21, 62:

ab infante,

from infancy, Col. 1, 8, 2; so,

ab infantibus (of more than one),

Cels. 7, 7, 15.—

Esp., of the unborn child:

infantem in utero matris Io triumphe clamasse,

Liv. 24, 10 fin. —

Of or belonging to an infant, infantine:

pectoraque absorbent avidis infantia linguis,

Ov. F. 6, 145:

infantia ossa,

id. M. 4, 517:

guttura,

id. ib. 4, 229:

tutus ut infanti vagiat ore puer,

id. F. 4, 208:

manus,

id. H. 9, 86:

umbrae,

of departed infants, id. ib. 11, 119.—

Childish, like a child. —Hence,

Silly:

illa Hortensiana omnia fuere infantia,

Cic. Att. 10, 18, 1.—

Speechless, not expressing itself in words:

pudor,

Hor. S. 1, 6, 57. —

For infandus, unutterable, unheard of (anteclass.): facinus, Att. ap. Non. 56, 12 (Trag. Fragm. v. 189 Rib.).

cădo, cĕcĭdi, cāsum, 3 ( part. pres. gen. plur. cadentūm, Verg. A. 10, 674; 12, 410), v. n. [cf. Sanscr. çad-, to fall away].

Lit.

In an extended sense, to be driven or carried by one ' s weight from a higher to a lower point, to fall down, be precipitated, sink down, go down, sink, fall (so mostly poet.; in prose, in place of it, the compounds decĭdo, occĭdo, excĭdo, etc.; cf. also ruo, labor;

opp. surgo, sto): tum arbores in te cadent,

Plaut. Men. 2, 3, 25: (aves) praecipites cadunt in terram aut in aquam, fall headlong to the earth or into the water, Lucr. 6, 745; cf. id. 6, 828;

imitated by Verg.: (apes) praecipites cadunt,

Verg. G. 4, 80:

nimbus, Ut picis e caelo demissum flumen, in undas Sic cadit, etc.,

Lucr. 6, 258:

cadit in terras vis flammea,

id. 2, 215; so with in, id. 2, 209; 4, 1282; 6, 1006; 6, 1125; Prop. 4 (5), 4, 64:

in patrios pedes,

Ov. F. 2, 832.—With a different meaning:

omnes plerumque cadunt in vulnus,

in the direction of, towards their wound, Lucr. 4, 1049; cf.:

prolapsa in vulnus moribunda cecidit,

Liv. 1, 58, 11:

cadit in vultus,

Ov. M. 5, 292:

in pectus,

id. ib. 4, 579.—Less freq. with ad:

ad terras,

Plin. 2, 97, 99, § 216:

ad terram,

Quint. 5, 10, 84.—The place from which is designated by ab, ex, de:

a summo cadere,

Plaut. Mil. 4, 4, 15:

a mento cadit manus,

Ov. F. 3, 20:

aves ab alto,

Plin. 10, 38, 54, § 112:

ut cadat (avis) e regione loci,

Lucr. 6, 824:

ex arbore,

Plin. 17, 20, 34, § 148; Dig. 50, 16, 30, § 4; 18, 1, 80, § 2:

cecidisse de equo dicitur,

Cic. Clu. 62, 175:

cadere de equo,

Plaut. Mil. 3, 1, 125 (for which Cæsar, Nepos, and Pliny employ decidere):

de manibus arma cecidissent,

Cic. Phil. 14, 7, 21; cf.:

de manibus civium delapsa arma ipsa ceciderunt,

id. Off. 1, 22, 77:

cadunt altis de montibus umbrae,

Verg. E. 1, 84:

de caelo,

Lucr. 5, 791; Ov. M. 2, 322:

de matre (i. e. nasci),

Claud. in Rufin. 1, 92.—With per:

per inane profundum,

Lucr. 2, 222:

per aquas,

id. 2, 230:

per salebras altaque saxa,

Mart. 11, 91; cf.:

imbre per indignas usque cadente genas,

Ov. Tr. 1, 3, 18.—With the adverb altius: altius atque cadant summotis nubibus imbres, and poured forth from a greater height, etc., Verg. E. 6, 38.—And absol.:

folia nunc cadunt,

Plaut. Men. 2, 3, 24; Ter. Ad. 1, 1, 12; Lucr. 6, 297:

ut pluere in multis regionibus et cadere imbres,

id. 6, 415:

cadens nix,

id. 3, 21; 3, 402:

velut si prolapsus cecidisset,

Liv. 1, 56, 12: quaeque ita concus [p. 259] sa est, ut jam casura putetur, Ov. P. 2, 3, 59:

cadentem Sustinuisse,

id. M. 8, 148:

saepius, of epileptics,

Plin. Val. 12, 58:

casuri, si leviter excutiantur, flosculi,

Quint. 12, 10, 73.—

Esp.

Of heavenly bodies, to decline, set (opp. orior), Ov. F. 1, 295:

oceani finem juxta solemque cadentem,

Verg. A. 4, 480; 8, 59; Tac. G. 45:

soli subjecta cadenti arva,

Avien. Descr. Orb. 273; cf. Tac. Agr. 12:

quā (nocte) tristis Orion cadit,

Hor. Epod. 10, 10:

Arcturus cadens,

id. C. 3, 1, 27.—

To separate from something by falling, to fall off or away, fall out, to drop off, be shed, etc.:

nam tum dentes mihi cadebant primulum,

Plaut. Men. 5, 9, 57:

dentes cadere imperat aetas,

Lucr. 5, 671; Sen. Ep. 12, 3; 83, 3:

pueri qui primus ceciderit dens,

Plin. 28, 4, 9, § 41:

barba,

Verg. E. 1, 29:

quam multa in silvis autumni frigore primo Lapsa cadunt folia,

id. A. 6, 310; cf. Cat. 11, 22; Hor. A. P. 61:

lanigeris gregibus Sponte suā lanae cadunt,

Ov. M. 7, 541:

saetae,

id. ib. 14, 303:

quadrupedibus pilum cadere,

Plin. 11, 39, 94, § 231:

poma,

Ov. M. 7, 586:

cecidere manu quas legerat, herbae,

id. ib. 14, 350:

elapsae manibus cecidere tabellae,

id. ib. 9, 571:

et colus et fusus digitis cecidere remissis,

id. ib. 4, 229.—

Of a stream, to fall, empty itself:

amnis Aretho cadit in sinum maris,

Liv. 38, 4, 3; 38, 13, 6; 44, 31, 4:

flumina in pontum cadent,

Sen. Med. 406:

flumina in Hebrum cadentia,

Plin. 4, 11, 18, § 50:

tandem in alterum amnem cadit,

Curt. 6, 4, 6.—

Of dice, to be thrown or cast; to turn up:

illud, quod cecidit forte,

Ter. Ad. 4, 7, 23 sq.; Liv. 2, 12, 16.—

Alicui (alicujus) ad pedes, to fall at one ' s feet in supplication, etc. (post-class. for abicio, proicio), Sen. Contr. 1, 1, 19; Eutr. 4, 7; Aug. Serm. 143, 4; Vulg. Joan. 11, 32 al.—

Super collum allcujus, to embrace (late Lat.), Vulg. Luc. 15, 20.—

In a more restricted sense.

To fall, to fall down, drop, fall to, be precipitated, etc.; to sink down, to sink, settle (the usual class. signif. in prose and poetry):

cadere in plano,

Ov. Tr. 3, 4, 17 sq.:

deorsum,

Plaut. Rud. 1, 2, 89:

uspiam,

Ter. Ad. 1, 1, 12:

Brutus, velut si prolapsus cecidisset,

Liv. 1, 56, 12; cf. id. 5, 21, 16; 1, 58, 12:

dum timent, ne aliquando cadant, semper jacent,

Quint. 8, 5, 32:

sinistrā manu sinum ad ima crura deduxit (Caesar), quo honestius caderet,

Suet. Caes. 82:

cadere supinus,

id. Aug. 43 fin.:

in pectus pronus,

Ov. M. 4, 579:

cadunt toti montes,

Lucr. 6, 546:

radicitus exturbata (pinus) prona cadit,

Cat. 64, 109:

concussae cadunt urbes,

Lucr. 5, 1236:

casura moenia Troum,

Ov. M. 13, 375; id. H. 13, 71:

multaque praeterea ceciderunt moenia magnis motibus in terris,

Lucr. 6, 588: languescunt omnia membra;

bracchia palpebraeque cadunt,

their arms and eyelids fall, id. 4, 953; 3, 596; so,

ceciderunt artus,

id. 3, 453:

sed tibi tamen oculi, voltus, verba cecidissent,

Cic. Dom. 52, 133; cf.:

oculos vigiliā fatigatos cadentesque in opere detineo,

Sen. Ep. 8, 1:

patriae cecidere manus,

Verg. A. 6, 33:

cur facunda parum decoro Inter verba cadit lingua silentio?

Hor. C. 4, 1, 36:

cecidere illis animique manusque,

Ov. M. 7, 347; Val. Fl. 1, 300; cf. II. F. infra.—

In a pregn. signif. (as in most langg., to fall in battle, to die), to fall so as to be unable to rise, to fall dead, to fall, die (opp. vivere), Prop. 2 (3), 28, 42 (usu. of those who die in battle;

hence most freq. in the histt.): hostes crebri cadunt,

Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 79 sq.:

aut in acie cadendum fuit aut in aliquas insidias incidendum,

Cic. Fam. 7, 3, 3; Curt. 4, 1, 28; Ov. M. 7, 142:

ut cum dignitate potius cadamus quam cum ignominiā serviamus,

Cic. Phil. 3, 14, 35:

pauci de nostris cadunt,

Caes. B. G. 1, 15; id. B. C. 3, 53:

optimus quisque cadere aut sauciari,

Sall. J. 92, 8; so id. C. 60, 6; id. J. 54, 10; Nep. Paus. 1, 2; id. Thras. 2, 7; id. Dat. 1, 2; 6, 1; 8, 3; Liv. 10, 35, 15 and 19; 21, 7, 10; 23, 21, 7; 29, 14, 8; Tac. G. 33; Hor. Ep. 1, 12, 27; Ov. M. 7, 142:

per acies,

Tac. A. 1, 2:

pro patriā,

Quint. 2, 15, 29:

ante diem,

Verg. A. 4, 620:

bipenni,

Ov. M. 12, 611:

ense,

Val. Fl. 1, 812.—Not in battle:

inque pio cadit officio,

Ov. M. 6, 250.—With abl. of means or instrument:

suoque Marte (i. e. suā manu) cadunt,

Ov. M. 3, 123; cf. Tac. A. 3, 42 fin.:

suā manu cecidit,

fell by his own hand, id. ib. 15, 71:

exitu voluntario,

id. H. 1, 40:

muliebri fraude cadere,

id. A. 2, 71: cecidere justā Morte Centauri, cecidit tremendae Flamma Chimaerae, Hor. C. 4, 2, 14 sq.:

manu femineā,

Sen. Herc. Oet. 1179:

femineo Marte,

Ov. M. 12, 610.—With abl. of agent with ab:

torqueor, infesto ne vir ab hoste cadat,

should be slain by, Ov. H. 9, 36; so id. M. 5, 192; Suet. Oth. 5:

a centurione volneribus adversis tamquam in pugnā,

Tac. A. 16, 9.—And without ab:

barbarae postquam cecidere turmae Thessalo victore,

Hor. C. 2, 4, 9; imitated by Claudian, IV. Cons. Hon. 89; Grat. Cyn. 315.—

Of victims, to be slain or offered, to be sacrificed, to fall ( poet.):

multa tibi ante aras nostrā cadet hostia dextrā,

Verg. A. 1, 334:

si tener pleno cadit haedus anno,

Hor. C. 3, 18, 5; Tib. 1, 1, 23; 4, 1, 15; Ov. M. 7, 162; 13, 615; id. F. 4, 653.—

In mal. part., = succumbo, to yield to, Plaut. Pers. 4, 4, 104; Tib. 4, 10, 2; Sen. Contr. 1, 3, 7.—

Matre cadens, just born ( poet.), Val. Fl. 1, 355; cf. of the custom of laying the new-born child at the father's feet: tellure cadens. Stat. S. 1, 2, 209; 5, 5, 69.

Trop.

To come or fall under, to fall, to be subject or exposed to something (more rare than its compound incidere, but class.); constr. usually with sub or in, sometimes with ad:

sub sensus cadere nostros,

i. e. to be perceived by the senses, Lucr. 1, 448:

sub sensum,

Cic. Inv. 1, 30, 48: in cernendi sensum. id. Tim. 3:

sub oculos,

id. Or. 3, 9:

in conspectum,

to become visible, id. Tusc. 1, 22, 50:

sub aurium mensuram,

id. Or. 20, 67:

sponte suā (genus humanum) cecidit sub leges artaque jura,

subjected itself to law and the force of right, Lucr. 5, 1146; so id. 3, 848:

ad servitia,

Liv. 1, 40, 3:

utrorum ad regna,

Lucr. 3, 836; so,

sub imperium dicionemque Romanorum,

Cic. Font. 5, 12 (1, 2):

in potestatem unius,

id. Att. 8, 3, 2:

in cogitationem,

to suggest itself to the thoughts, id. N. D. 1, 9, 21:

in hominum disceptationem,

id. de Or. 2, 2, 5:

in deliberationem,

id. Off. 1, 3, 9:

in offensionem alicujus,

id. N. D. 1, 30, 85:

in morbum,

id. Tusc. 1, 32, 79:

in suspitionem alicujus,

Nep. Paus. 2, 6:

in calumniam,

Quint. 9, 4, 57:

abrupte cadere in narrationem,

id. 4, 1, 79:

in peccatum,

Aug. in Psa. 65, 13.—

In gen.: in or sub aliquem or aliquid, to belong to any object, to be in accordance with, agree with, refer to, be suitable to, to fit, suit, become (so esp. freq. in philos. and rhet. lang.):

non cadit in hos mores, non in hunc pudorem, non in hanc vitam, non in hunc hominem ista suspitio,

Cic. Sull. 27, 75:

cadit ergo in bonum virum mentiri, emolumenti sui causā?

id. Off. 3, 20, 81; so id. Cael. 29, 69; id. Har. Resp. 26, 56:

haec Academica... in personas non cadebant,

id. Att. 13, 19, 5:

qui pedes in orationem non cadere quī possunt?

id. Or. 56, 188:

neque in unam formam cadunt omnia,

id. ib. 11, 37; 57, 191; 27, 95; id. de Or. 3, 47, 182; Quint. 3, 7, 6; 4, 2, 37; 4, 2, 93; 6, prooem. § 5; 7, 2, 30 and 31; Plin. 35, 10, 36, § 82:

heu, cadit in quemquam tantum scelus?

Verg. E. 9, 17; Cic. Or. 27, 95; 11, 37; Quint. 3, 5, 16; 3, 6, 91; 5, 10, 30; 6, 3, 52; 7, 2, 31; 9, 1, 7;

9, 3, 92: hoc quoque in rerum naturam cadit, ut, etc.,

id. 2, 17, 32:

in iis rebus, quae sub eandem rationem cadunt,

Cic. Inv. 1, 30, 47; Quint. 8, 3, 56.—

To fall upon a definite time (rare):

considera, ne in alienissimum tempus cadat adventus tuus,

Cic. Fam. 15, 14, 4:

in id saeculum Romuli cecidit aetas, cum, etc.,

id. Rep. 2, 10, 18.—Hence, in mercantile lang., of payments, to fall due: in eam diem cadere ( were due) nummos, qui a Quinto debentur, Cic. Att. 15, 20, 4.—

(Acc. to I. 1. e.) Alicui, to fall to one (as by lot), fall to one ' s lot, happen to one, befall; and absol. (for accidere), to happen, come to pass, occur, result, turn out, fall out (esp. in an unexpected manner; cf. accido; very freq. in prose and poetry).

Alicui:

nihil ipsis jure incommodi cadere possit,

Cic. Quint. 16, 51:

hoc cecidit mihi peropportune, quod, etc.,

id. de Or. 2, 4, 15; id. Att. 3, 1:

insperanti mihi, cecidit, ut, etc.,

id. de Or. 1, 21, 96; id. Att. 8, 3, 6; id. Mil. 30, 81:

mihi omnia semper honesta et jucunda ceciderunt,

id. Q. Fr. 1, 3, 1:

sunt, quibus ad portas cecidit custodia sorti,

Verg. G. 4, 165:

haec aliis maledicta cadant,

Tib. 1, 6, 85:

neu tibi pro vano verba benigna cadunt,

Prop. 1, 10, 24:

ut illis... voluptas cadat dura inter saepe pericla,

Hor. S. 1, 2, 40: verba cadentia, uttered at random, id. Ep. 1, 18, 12.—

Ab sol., Afran. ap. Charis. p. 195 P.;

Cic. Leg.2, 13, 33: verebar quorsum id casurum esset,

how it would turn out, id. Att. 3, 24:

aliorsum vota ceciderunt,

Flor. 2, 4, 5:

cum aliter res cecidisset ac putasses,

had turned out differently from what was expected, Cic. Fam. 5, 19, 1:

sane ita cadebat ut vellem,

id. Att. 3, 7, 1; id. Div. 2, 52, 107; Cael. ap. Cic. Fam. 8, 12, 3; Cic. Verr. 1, 2, 5; Caes. B. C. 3, 73, Nep. Milt. 2, 5 Dähne:

cum, quae tum maxime acciderant, casura praemonens, a furioso incepto eos deterreret,

Liv. 36, 34, 3; 22, 40, 3; 35, 13, 9; 38, 46, 6; Plin. Pan. 31, 1; Tac. A. 2, 80; 6, 8; Suet. Tib. 14 al.; Verg. A. 2, 709:

ut omnia fortiter fiant, feliciter cadant,

Sen. Suas. 2, p. 14:

multa. fortuito in melius casura,

Tac. A. 2, 77.—With adj.:

si non omnia caderent secunda,

Caes. B. C. 3, 73:

vota cadunt, i.e. rata sunt,

are fulfilled, realized, Tib. 2, 2, 17 (diff. from Prop. 1, 17, 4; v. under F.).—

With in and acc.: nimia illa libertas et populis et privatis in nimiam servitutem cadit (cf. metaballei), Cic. Rep. 1, 44, 68.—Esp.: in (ad) irritum or cassum, to be frustrated, fail, be or remain fruitless:

omnia in cassum cadunt,

Plaut. Poen. 1, 2, 147; Lucr. 2, 1166:

ad irritum cadens spes,

Liv. 2, 6, 1; so Tac. H. 3, 26:

in irritum,

id. A. 15, 39; cf. with irritus, adj.:

ut irrita promissa ejus caderent,

Liv. 2, 31, 5:

haud irritae cecidere minae,

id. 6, 35, 10.—

To fall, to become less (in strength, power, worth, etc.), to decrease, diminish, lessen:

cadunt vires,

Lucr. 5, 410:

mercenarii milites pretia militiae casura in pace aegre ferebant,

Liv. 34, 36, 7.—More freq. in an extended signif. (acc. to I. B. 2.),

To lose all one ' s strength, worth, value, etc., to fall, to perish, vanish, decay, cease.

In gen.: pellis item cecidit, vestis contempta ferina. declined in value, Lucr. 5, 1417:

turpius est enim privatim cadere (i. e. fortunis everti) quam publice,

Cic. Att. 16, 15, 6; so id. Fam. 6, 10, 2:

atque ea quidem tua laus pariter cum re publicā cecidit,

id. Off. 2, 13, 45:

tanta civitas, si cadet,

id. Har. Resp. 20, 42:

huc cecidisse Germanici exercitus gloriam, ut, etc.,

Tac. H. 3, 13:

non tibi ingredienti fines ira cecidit?

Liv. 2, 40, 7; Pers. 5, 91:

amicitia nec debilitari animos aut cadere patitur,

Cic. Lael. 7, 23:

animus,

to fail, Liv. 1, 11, 3; Ov. M. 11, 537; cf. id. ib. 7, 347:

non debemus ita cadere animis, etc.,

to lose courage, be disheartened, Cic. Fam. 6, 1, 4:

tam graviter,

id. Off. 1, 21, 73; cf. Sen. Ep. 8, 3.—Esp., to fail in speaking:

magnus orator est... minimeque in lubrico versabitur, et si semel constiterit numquam cadet,

Cic. Or. 28, 98:

alte enim cadere non potest,

id. ib. —So in the lang. of the jurists, causā or formulā, to lose one ' s cause or suit:

causā cadere,

Cic. Inv. 2, 19, 57; so id. de Or. 1, 36, 166 sq.; id. Fam. 7, 14, 1; Quint. 7, 3, 17; Luc. 2, 554; Suet. Calig. 39:

formulā cadere,

Sen. Ep. 48, 10; Quint. 3, 6, 69.—With in:

ita quemquam cadere in judicio, ut, etc.,

Cic. Mur. 28, 58.—Also absol.:

cadere,

Tac. H. 4, 6; and:

criminibus repetundarum,

id. ib. 1, 77:

conjurationis crimine,

id. A. 6, 14:

ut cecidit Fortuna Phrygum,

Ov. M. 13, 435:

omniaque ingrato litore vota cadunt, i. e. irrita sunt,

remain unfulfilled, unaccomplished, Prop. 1, 17, 4 (diff. from Tib. 2, 2, 17; v. above, D. 2.); cf.:

at mea nocturno verba cadunt zephyro,

Prop. 1, 16, 34:

multa renascentur, quae jam cecidere, cadentque Quae nunc sunt in honore vocabula,

to fall into disuse, grow out of date, Hor. A. P. 70 —Hence of theatrical representations, to fall through, to fail, be condemned (opp. stare, to win applause;

the fig. derived from combatants): securus cadat an recto stet fabula talo,

Hor. Ep. 2, 1, 176.— Impers.. periculum est, ne cadatur, Aug. Don. Persev. 1.—

Esp. of the wind (opp. surgo), to abate, subside, die away, etc.:

cadit Eurus et umida surgunt Nubila,

Ov. M. 8, 2:

ventus premente nebulā cecidit,

Liv. 29, 27, 10:

cadente jam Euro,

id. 25, 27, 11:

venti vis omnis cecidit,

id. 26, 39, 8:

ubi primum aquilones ceciderunt,

id. 36, 43, 11; cf.:

sic cunctus pelagi cecidit fragor,

Verg. A. 1, 154:

ventosi ceciderunt murmuris aurae,

id. E. 9, 58; id. G. 1, 354 Serv. and Wagn.—

Rhet. and gram. t. t. of words, syllables, clauses, etc., to be terminated, end, close:

verba melius in syllabas longiores cadunt,

Cic. Or. 57, 194; 67, 223: qua (littera [p. 260] sc. m) nullum Graece verbum cadit, Quint. 12, 10, 31:

plerique censent cadere tantum numerose oportere terminarique sententiam,

Cic. Or. 59, 199; so id. Brut. 8, 34:

apto cadens oratio,

Quint. 9, 4, 32:

numerus opportune cadens,

id. 9, 4, 27:

ultima syllaba in gravem vel duas graves cadit semper,

id. 12, 10, 33 Spald.: similiter cadentia = omoioptôta, the ending of words with the same cases or verbal forms, diff. from similiter desinentia = omoioteleuta, similar endings of any kind, Cic. de Or. 3, 54, 206; id. Or. 34, 135; Auct. Her. 4, 20, 28; Quint. 9, 4, 42; cf. id. 9, 4, 18; 9, 3, 78; 9, 3, 79; 1, 7, 23; Aquil. Rom. Figur. §§ 25 and 26.

ar-rŏgo ( adr-, Fleck., B. and K., Dietsch, Halm, Weissenb.; arr-, Holder, Dinter; Keller uses both forms), āvi, ātum, 1, v. a.

Jurid. and polit. t. t.

To ask or inquire of one, to question: Venus haec volo adroget te, * Plaut. Rud. 5, 2, 45; cf. Dig. 1, 7, 2.—

Alicui, t. t., to add one officer to another, to associate with, place by the side of:

cui consuli dictatorem adrogari haud satis decorum visum est patribus,

Liv. 7, 25, 11.—

To take a homo sui juris in the place of a child, to adopt (v. arrogatio), Gell. 5, 19, 4; cf. Dig. 1, 7, 1; 1, 7, 2; 1, 7, 22 al.—Hence,

Transf.

To appropriate that which does not belong to one, to claim as one's own, to arrogate to one's self, to assume:

quamquam mihi non sumo tantum, judices, neque adrogo, ut, etc.,

Cic. Planc. 1:

non enim mihi tantum derogo, tametsi nihil adrogo, ut, etc.,

id. Rosc. Am. 32:

sapientiam sibi adrogare,

id. Brut. 85, 292: ego tantum tibi tribuo, [p. 166] quantum mihi fortasse arrogo, id. Fam. 4, 1 fin.:

Quod ex alienā virtute sibi adrogant, id mihi ex meā non concedunt,

Sall. J. 85, 25:

Nihil adrogabo mihi nobilitatis aut modestiae,

Tac. H. 1, 30:

Nec sibi cenarum quivis temere arroget artem,

Hor. S. 2, 4, 35.—

Poet.: alicui aliquid, to adjudge something to another as his own, to confer upon or procure for (opp. abrogare):

Scire velim, chartis pretium quotus adroget annus,

Hor. Ep. 2, 1, 35:

decus arrogavit,

id. C. 4, 14, 40:

nihil non arroget armis,

adjudge every thing to arms, think every thing must yield to, id. A. P. 121.— Hence, arrŏgans ( adr-), antis, P. a., acc. to II. A., appropriating something not one's own; hence, assuming, arrogant (syn.: superbus, insolens, ferox).

Lit.:

si essent adrogantes, non possem ferre fastidium,

Cic. Phil. 10, 9:

Induciomarus iste minax atque adrogans,

id. Font. 12; id. Verr. 2, 1, 60:

ne arrogans in praeripiendo populi beneficio videretur,

Caes. B. C. 3, 1:

pigritia adrogantior,

Quint. 12, 3, 12:

adrogantissima persuasio,

id. Decl. 8, 9.—

As a consequence of assumption, haughty, proud, overbearing, insolent (cf. arrogantia, I. B.):

proponit inania mihi nobilitatis, hoc est hominum adrogantium nomina,

Cic. Verr. 1, 6:

de se persuasio,

Quint. 2, 4, 16:

crudelitas adrogans,

Cic. Fam. 5, 4, 2:

dictum,

id. Sull. 8, 25:

consilium,

id. de Or. 2, 39, 165:

moderatio,

Tac. A. 1, 3:

adversus superiores tristi adulatione, adrogans minoribus, inter pares difficilis,

id. ib. 11, 21:

omnem adrogantem humilia,

Vulg. Job, 40, 6:

abominatio Domino est omnis adrogans,

ib. Prov. 16, 5:

beatos dicimus adrogantes,

ib. Mal. 3, 15.— Adv.: arrŏgan-ter ( adr-), with assumption, arrogantly, haughtily, proudly, insolently:

aliquid dicere,

Cic. de Or. 2, 83, 339; id. Off. 1, 1, 2; Quint. 4, 2, 86:

scribere,

Cic. Att. 6, 1:

aliquid praejudicare,

id. ad Brut. 1, 4:

petere,

id. Lig. 10, 30:

adsentire,

id. Inv. 2, 3, 10:

facere,

Caes. B. G. 1, 40: adversarios sustinere, D. Brutus ap. Cic. Fam. 11, 13, 4: ingredi, * Vulg. Soph. 1, 9:

consulere in deditos,

Tac. Agr. 16.— Comp.:

multo adrogantius factum,

Suet. Caes. 79:

insolentius et adrogantius uti gloriā artis,

Plin. 36, 10, 36, § 71:

adrogantius et elatius praefari,

Gell. 9, 15.— Sup., Oros. 7, 25; 7, 35.

ar-rŏgo ( adr-, Fleck., B. and K., Dietsch, Halm, Weissenb.; arr-, Holder, Dinter; Keller uses both forms), āvi, ātum, 1, v. a.

Jurid. and polit. t. t.

To ask or inquire of one, to question: Venus haec volo adroget te, * Plaut. Rud. 5, 2, 45; cf. Dig. 1, 7, 2.—

Alicui, t. t., to add one officer to another, to associate with, place by the side of:

cui consuli dictatorem adrogari haud satis decorum visum est patribus,

Liv. 7, 25, 11.—

To take a homo sui juris in the place of a child, to adopt (v. arrogatio), Gell. 5, 19, 4; cf. Dig. 1, 7, 1; 1, 7, 2; 1, 7, 22 al.—Hence,

Transf.

To appropriate that which does not belong to one, to claim as one's own, to arrogate to one's self, to assume:

quamquam mihi non sumo tantum, judices, neque adrogo, ut, etc.,

Cic. Planc. 1:

non enim mihi tantum derogo, tametsi nihil adrogo, ut, etc.,

id. Rosc. Am. 32:

sapientiam sibi adrogare,

id. Brut. 85, 292: ego tantum tibi tribuo, [p. 166] quantum mihi fortasse arrogo, id. Fam. 4, 1 fin.:

Quod ex alienā virtute sibi adrogant, id mihi ex meā non concedunt,

Sall. J. 85, 25:

Nihil adrogabo mihi nobilitatis aut modestiae,

Tac. H. 1, 30:

Nec sibi cenarum quivis temere arroget artem,

Hor. S. 2, 4, 35.—

Poet.: alicui aliquid, to adjudge something to another as his own, to confer upon or procure for (opp. abrogare):

Scire velim, chartis pretium quotus adroget annus,

Hor. Ep. 2, 1, 35:

decus arrogavit,

id. C. 4, 14, 40:

nihil non arroget armis,

adjudge every thing to arms, think every thing must yield to, id. A. P. 121.— Hence, arrŏgans ( adr-), antis, P. a., acc. to II. A., appropriating something not one's own; hence, assuming, arrogant (syn.: superbus, insolens, ferox).

Lit.:

si essent adrogantes, non possem ferre fastidium,

Cic. Phil. 10, 9:

Induciomarus iste minax atque adrogans,

id. Font. 12; id. Verr. 2, 1, 60:

ne arrogans in praeripiendo populi beneficio videretur,

Caes. B. C. 3, 1:

pigritia adrogantior,

Quint. 12, 3, 12:

adrogantissima persuasio,

id. Decl. 8, 9.—

As a consequence of assumption, haughty, proud, overbearing, insolent (cf. arrogantia, I. B.):

proponit inania mihi nobilitatis, hoc est hominum adrogantium nomina,

Cic. Verr. 1, 6:

de se persuasio,

Quint. 2, 4, 16:

crudelitas adrogans,

Cic. Fam. 5, 4, 2:

dictum,

id. Sull. 8, 25:

consilium,

id. de Or. 2, 39, 165:

moderatio,

Tac. A. 1, 3:

adversus superiores tristi adulatione, adrogans minoribus, inter pares difficilis,

id. ib. 11, 21:

omnem adrogantem humilia,

Vulg. Job, 40, 6:

abominatio Domino est omnis adrogans,

ib. Prov. 16, 5:

beatos dicimus adrogantes,

ib. Mal. 3, 15.— Adv.: arrŏgan-ter ( adr-), with assumption, arrogantly, haughtily, proudly, insolently:

aliquid dicere,

Cic. de Or. 2, 83, 339; id. Off. 1, 1, 2; Quint. 4, 2, 86:

scribere,

Cic. Att. 6, 1:

aliquid praejudicare,

id. ad Brut. 1, 4:

petere,

id. Lig. 10, 30:

adsentire,

id. Inv. 2, 3, 10:

facere,

Caes. B. G. 1, 40: adversarios sustinere, D. Brutus ap. Cic. Fam. 11, 13, 4: ingredi, * Vulg. Soph. 1, 9:

consulere in deditos,

Tac. Agr. 16.— Comp.:

multo adrogantius factum,

Suet. Caes. 79:

insolentius et adrogantius uti gloriā artis,

Plin. 36, 10, 36, § 71:

adrogantius et elatius praefari,

Gell. 9, 15.— Sup., Oros. 7, 25; 7, 35.

ălĭēnus, a, um [2. alius].

Adj.

In gen., that belongs to another person, place, object, etc., not one's own, another's, of another, foreign, alien (opp. suus): NEVE. ALIENAM. SEGETEM. PELLEXERIS., Fragm. XII. Tab. ap. Plin. 28, 2, and Serv. ad Verg. E. 8, 99: plus ex alieno jecore sapiunt quam ex suo, Pac. ap. Cic. Div. 1, 57; Plaut. Mil. 2, 2, 111; cf. id. ib. 2, 2, 88, and Lind. ib. 2, 3, 3: quom sciet alienum puerum ( the child of another) tolli pro suo, Ter. Hec. 4, 1, 61:

in aedīs inruit Alienas,

id. Ad. 1, 2, 9; id. And. 1, 1, 125:

alienae partes anni,

Lucr. 1, 182; so Verg. G. 2, 149:

pecuniis alienis locupletari,

Cic. Rosc. Am. 47, 137:

cura rerum alienarum,

id. Off. 1, 9, 30; 2, 23, 83:

alienos mores ad suos referre,

Nep. Epam. 1, 1:

in altissimo gradu alienis opibus poni,

Cic. Sest. 20:

semper regibus aliena virtus formidolosa est,

Sall. C. 7, 2:

amissis bonis alienas opes exspectare,

id. ib. 58. 10 Herz.:

aliena mulier,

another man's wife, Cic. Cael. 37:

mulier alieni viri sermonibus assuefacta,

of another woman's husband, Liv. 1, 46:

virtutem et bonum alienum oderunt,

id. 35, 43:

alienis pedibus ambulamus, alienis oculis agnoscimus, alienā memoriā salutamus, alienā operā vivimus,

Plin. 29, 1, 8, § 19:

oportet enim omnia aut ad alienum arbitrium aut ad suum facere,

Plin. Ep. 6, 14; so Suet. Claud. 2:

alienum cursum alienumque rectorem, velut captā nave, sequi,

Plin. Pan. 82, 3; Tac. A. 15, 1 fin.:

pudicitiae neque suae neque alienae pepercit,

Suet. Calig. 36:

epistolas orationesque et edicta alieno formabat ingenio,

i. e. caused to be written by another, id. Dom. 20:

te conjux aliena capit,

Hor. S. 2, 7, 46; 1, 1, 110; so id. ib. 1, 3, 116:

vulnus,

intended for another, Verg. A. 10, 781: aliena [p. 85] cornua, of Actæon transformed into a stag, Ov. M. 3, 139:

alieno Marte pugnabant, sc. equites,

i. e. without horses, as footmen, Liv. 3, 62: aes alienum, lit. another's money; hence, in reference to him who has it, a debt; cf. aes. So also:

aliena nomina,

debts in others' names, debts contracted by others, Sall. C. 35, 3.—

Esp.

In reference to relationship or friendship, not belonging to one, alien from, not related or allied, not friendly, inimical, strange, Plaut. Capt. 1, 2, 43:

alienus est ab nostrā familiā,

Ter. Ad. 3, 2, 28; id. Heaut. 5, 4, 6 Ruhnk.:

multi ex finibus suis egressi se suaque omnia alienissimis crediderunt,

to utter strangers, Caes. B. G. 6, 31:

non alienus sanguine regibus,

Liv. 29, 29; Vell. 2, 76.—

Hence alienus and propinquus are antith.,

Cic. Lael. 5, 19:

ut neque amicis neque etiam alienioribus desim,

id. Fam. 1, 9 Manut.:

ut tuum factum alieni hominis, meum vero conjunctissimi et amicissimi esse videatur,

id. ib. 3, 6.—

Trop.: alienum esse in or ab aliquā re, to be a stranger to a thing, i. e. not to be versed in or familiar with, not to understand:

in physicis Epicurus totus est alienus,

Cic. Fin. 1, 6, 17:

homo non alienus a litteris,

not a stranger to, not unversed in, id. Verr. 2, 2, 26.—

Foreign to a thing, i. e. not suited to it, unsuitable, incongruous, inadequate, inconsistent, unseasonable, inapposite, different from (opp. aptus); constr. with gen., dat., abl., and ab; cf. Burm. ad Ov. F. 1, 4; Manut. ad Cic. Fam. 9, 14, 5; Spald. ad Quint. 6, 3, 33; Zumpt, Gr. § 384.

With gen.:

pacis (deorum),

Lucr. 6, 69:

salutis,

id. 3, 832:

aliarum rerum,

id. 6, 1064:

dignitatis alicujus,

Cic. Fin. 1, 4, 11:

neque aliena consili (sc. domus D. Bruti),

convenient for consultation, Sall. C. 40, 5 Kritz al.—

With dat.:

quod illi causae maxime est alienum,

Cic. Caecin. 9, 24: arti oratoriae, Quint. prooem. 5; 4, 2, 62; Sen. Q. N. 4 praef.—

With abl.:

neque hoc dii alienum ducunt majestate suā,

Cic. Div. 1, 38, 83:

homine alienissimum,

id. Off. 1, 13, 41:

dignitate imperii,

id. Prov. Cons. 8, 18:

amicitiā,

id. Fam. 11, 27:

existimatione meā,

id. Att. 6, 1:

domus magis his aliena malis,

farther from, Hor. S. 1, 9, 50:

loco, tempore,

Quint. 6, 3, 33.—

With ab:

alienum a vitā meā,

Ter. Ad. 5, 8, 21: a dignitate rei publicae, Tib. Gracch. ap. Gell. 7, 19, 7:

a sapiente,

Cic. Ac. 2, 43, 132:

a dignitate,

id. Fam. 4, 7:

navigationis labor alienus non ab aetate solum nostrā, verum etiam a dignitate,

id. Att. 16, 3.—

With inf. or clause as subject:

nec aptius est quidquam ad opes tuendas quam diligi, nec alienius quam timeri,

Cic. Off. 2, 7, 23:

non alienum videtur, quale praemium Miltiadi sit tributum, docere,

Nep. Milt. 6, 1.—

Averse, hostile, unfriendly, unfavorable to:

illum alieno animo a nobis esse res ipsa indicat,

Ter. Ad. 3, 2, 40; Cic. Deiot. 9, 24:

a Pyrrho non nimis alienos animos habemus,

id. Lael. 8 fin.:

sin a me est alienior,

id. Fam. 2, 17:

ex alienissimis amicissimos reddere,

id. ib. 15, 4 al.:

Muciani animus nec Vespasiano alienus,

Tac. H. 2, 74.—Rar. transf. to things; as in the histt., alienus locus, a place or ground unfavorable for an engagement, disadvantageous (opp. suus or opportunus; cf.

Gron. Obs. 4, 17, 275): alieno loco proelium committunt,

Caes. B. G. 1, 15:

alienissimo sibi loco contra opportunissimo hostibus conflixit,

Nep. Them. 4, 5 Brem.—So of time unfitting, inconvenient, unfavorable, Varr. R. R. 3, 16:

ad judicium corrumpendum tempus alienum,

Cic. Verr. 1, 5; id. Caecin. 67:

vir egregius alienissimo rei publicae tempore exstinctus,

id. Brut. 1; id. Fam. 15, 14.—Of other things: alienum ( dangerous, perilous, hurtful) suis rationibus, Sall. C. 56, 5; Cels. 4, 5.—

In medic. lang.

Of the body, dead, corrupted, paralyzed (cf. alieno, II. B. 2.), Scrib. Comp. 201.—

Of the mind, insane, mad (cf. alieno and alienatio):

Neque solum illis aliena mens erat, qui conscii conjurationis fuerant,

Sall. C. 37, 1 Herz.—

Subst.

ălĭēnus, i, m., a stranger.

One not belonging to one's house, family, or country:

apud me cenant alieni novem,

Plaut. Stich. 3, 2, 21:

ut non ejectus ad alienos, sed invitatus ad tuos īsse videaris,

Cic. Cat. 1, 9, 23:

quas copias proximis suppeditari aequius est, eas transferunt ad alienos,

id. Off. 1, 14: cives potiores quam peregrini, propinqui quam alieni, id. Am. 5, 19:

quasi ad alienos durius loquebatur,

Vulg. Gen. 42, 7:

a filiis suis an ab alienis?

ib. Matt. 17, 24:

cives potiores quam peregrini, propinqui quam alieni,

Cic. Lael. 5:

quod alieno testimonium redderem, in eo non fraudabo avum meum,

Vell. 2, 76.—

One not related to a person or thing:

in longinquos, in propinquos, in alienos, in suos irruebat,

Cic. Mil. 28, 76:

vel alienissimus rusticae vitae, naturae benignitatem miretur,

Col. 3, 21, 3.—

ălĭēnum, i, n., the property of a stranger:

Haec erunt vilici officia: alieno manum abstineant, etc.,

Cato, R. R. 5, 1:

alieno abstinuit,

Suet. Tit. 7:

ex alieno largiri,

Cic. Fam. 3, 8, 8; so,

de alieno largiri,

Just. 36, 3, 9:

alieni appetens, sui profugus,

Sall. C. 5; Liv. 5, 5:

in aliena aedificium exstruere,

Cic. Mil. 27, 74 (cf.:

in alieno solo aedificare,

Dig. 41, 1, 7).— Plur.,

The property of a stranger:

quid est aliud aliis sua eripere, aliis dare aliena?

Cic. Off. 2, 23; Liv. 30, 30: aliena pervadere, a foreign (in opp. to the Roman) province, Amm. 23, 1.—

The affairs or interests of strangers: Men. Chreme, tantumue ab re tuast oti tibi, aliena ut cures, ea, quae nihil ad te attinent. Chrem. Homo sum;

humani nihil a me alienum puto,

Ter. Heaut. 1, 1, 23:

aliena ut melius videant quam sua,

id. ib. 3, 1, 95.—

Things strange, foreign, not belonging to the matter in hand:

Quod si hominibus bonarum rerum tanta cura esset, quanto studio aliena ac nihil profutura multumque etiam periculosa petunt, etc.,

Sall. J. 1, 5; hence, aliena loqui, to talk strangely, wildly, like a crazy person:

Quin etiam, sic me dicunt aliena locutum, Ut foret amenti nomen in ore tuum,

Ov. Tr. 3, 19:

interdum in accessione aegros desipere et aliena loqui,

Cels. 3, 18 (v. alieniloquium).

► Comp. rare, but sup. very freq.; no adv. in use.

ălĭēnus, a, um [2. alius].

Adj.

In gen., that belongs to another person, place, object, etc., not one's own, another's, of another, foreign, alien (opp. suus): NEVE. ALIENAM. SEGETEM. PELLEXERIS., Fragm. XII. Tab. ap. Plin. 28, 2, and Serv. ad Verg. E. 8, 99: plus ex alieno jecore sapiunt quam ex suo, Pac. ap. Cic. Div. 1, 57; Plaut. Mil. 2, 2, 111; cf. id. ib. 2, 2, 88, and Lind. ib. 2, 3, 3: quom sciet alienum puerum ( the child of another) tolli pro suo, Ter. Hec. 4, 1, 61:

in aedīs inruit Alienas,

id. Ad. 1, 2, 9; id. And. 1, 1, 125:

alienae partes anni,

Lucr. 1, 182; so Verg. G. 2, 149:

pecuniis alienis locupletari,

Cic. Rosc. Am. 47, 137:

cura rerum alienarum,

id. Off. 1, 9, 30; 2, 23, 83:

alienos mores ad suos referre,

Nep. Epam. 1, 1:

in altissimo gradu alienis opibus poni,

Cic. Sest. 20:

semper regibus aliena virtus formidolosa est,

Sall. C. 7, 2:

amissis bonis alienas opes exspectare,

id. ib. 58. 10 Herz.:

aliena mulier,

another man's wife, Cic. Cael. 37:

mulier alieni viri sermonibus assuefacta,

of another woman's husband, Liv. 1, 46:

virtutem et bonum alienum oderunt,

id. 35, 43:

alienis pedibus ambulamus, alienis oculis agnoscimus, alienā memoriā salutamus, alienā operā vivimus,

Plin. 29, 1, 8, § 19:

oportet enim omnia aut ad alienum arbitrium aut ad suum facere,

Plin. Ep. 6, 14; so Suet. Claud. 2:

alienum cursum alienumque rectorem, velut captā nave, sequi,

Plin. Pan. 82, 3; Tac. A. 15, 1 fin.:

pudicitiae neque suae neque alienae pepercit,

Suet. Calig. 36:

epistolas orationesque et edicta alieno formabat ingenio,

i. e. caused to be written by another, id. Dom. 20:

te conjux aliena capit,

Hor. S. 2, 7, 46; 1, 1, 110; so id. ib. 1, 3, 116:

vulnus,

intended for another, Verg. A. 10, 781: aliena [p. 85] cornua, of Actæon transformed into a stag, Ov. M. 3, 139:

alieno Marte pugnabant, sc. equites,

i. e. without horses, as footmen, Liv. 3, 62: aes alienum, lit. another's money; hence, in reference to him who has it, a debt; cf. aes. So also:

aliena nomina,

debts in others' names, debts contracted by others, Sall. C. 35, 3.—

Esp.

In reference to relationship or friendship, not belonging to one, alien from, not related or allied, not friendly, inimical, strange, Plaut. Capt. 1, 2, 43:

alienus est ab nostrā familiā,

Ter. Ad. 3, 2, 28; id. Heaut. 5, 4, 6 Ruhnk.:

multi ex finibus suis egressi se suaque omnia alienissimis crediderunt,

to utter strangers, Caes. B. G. 6, 31:

non alienus sanguine regibus,

Liv. 29, 29; Vell. 2, 76.—

Hence alienus and propinquus are antith.,

Cic. Lael. 5, 19:

ut neque amicis neque etiam alienioribus desim,

id. Fam. 1, 9 Manut.:

ut tuum factum alieni hominis, meum vero conjunctissimi et amicissimi esse videatur,

id. ib. 3, 6.—

Trop.: alienum esse in or ab aliquā re, to be a stranger to a thing, i. e. not to be versed in or familiar with, not to understand:

in physicis Epicurus totus est alienus,

Cic. Fin. 1, 6, 17:

homo non alienus a litteris,

not a stranger to, not unversed in, id. Verr. 2, 2, 26.—

Foreign to a thing, i. e. not suited to it, unsuitable, incongruous, inadequate, inconsistent, unseasonable, inapposite, different from (opp. aptus); constr. with gen., dat., abl., and ab; cf. Burm. ad Ov. F. 1, 4; Manut. ad Cic. Fam. 9, 14, 5; Spald. ad Quint. 6, 3, 33; Zumpt, Gr. § 384.

With gen.:

pacis (deorum),

Lucr. 6, 69:

salutis,

id. 3, 832:

aliarum rerum,

id. 6, 1064:

dignitatis alicujus,

Cic. Fin. 1, 4, 11:

neque aliena consili (sc. domus D. Bruti),

convenient for consultation, Sall. C. 40, 5 Kritz al.—

With dat.:

quod illi causae maxime est alienum,

Cic. Caecin. 9, 24: arti oratoriae, Quint. prooem. 5; 4, 2, 62; Sen. Q. N. 4 praef.—

With abl.:

neque hoc dii alienum ducunt majestate suā,

Cic. Div. 1, 38, 83:

homine alienissimum,

id. Off. 1, 13, 41:

dignitate imperii,

id. Prov. Cons. 8, 18:

amicitiā,

id. Fam. 11, 27:

existimatione meā,

id. Att. 6, 1:

domus magis his aliena malis,

farther from, Hor. S. 1, 9, 50:

loco, tempore,

Quint. 6, 3, 33.—

With ab:

alienum a vitā meā,

Ter. Ad. 5, 8, 21: a dignitate rei publicae, Tib. Gracch. ap. Gell. 7, 19, 7:

a sapiente,

Cic. Ac. 2, 43, 132:

a dignitate,

id. Fam. 4, 7:

navigationis labor alienus non ab aetate solum nostrā, verum etiam a dignitate,

id. Att. 16, 3.—

With inf. or clause as subject:

nec aptius est quidquam ad opes tuendas quam diligi, nec alienius quam timeri,

Cic. Off. 2, 7, 23:

non alienum videtur, quale praemium Miltiadi sit tributum, docere,

Nep. Milt. 6, 1.—

Averse, hostile, unfriendly, unfavorable to:

illum alieno animo a nobis esse res ipsa indicat,

Ter. Ad. 3, 2, 40; Cic. Deiot. 9, 24:

a Pyrrho non nimis alienos animos habemus,

id. Lael. 8 fin.:

sin a me est alienior,

id. Fam. 2, 17:

ex alienissimis amicissimos reddere,

id. ib. 15, 4 al.:

Muciani animus nec Vespasiano alienus,

Tac. H. 2, 74.—Rar. transf. to things; as in the histt., alienus locus, a place or ground unfavorable for an engagement, disadvantageous (opp. suus or opportunus; cf.

Gron. Obs. 4, 17, 275): alieno loco proelium committunt,

Caes. B. G. 1, 15:

alienissimo sibi loco contra opportunissimo hostibus conflixit,

Nep. Them. 4, 5 Brem.—So of time unfitting, inconvenient, unfavorable, Varr. R. R. 3, 16:

ad judicium corrumpendum tempus alienum,

Cic. Verr. 1, 5; id. Caecin. 67:

vir egregius alienissimo rei publicae tempore exstinctus,

id. Brut. 1; id. Fam. 15, 14.—Of other things: alienum ( dangerous, perilous, hurtful) suis rationibus, Sall. C. 56, 5; Cels. 4, 5.—

In medic. lang.

Of the body, dead, corrupted, paralyzed (cf. alieno, II. B. 2.), Scrib. Comp. 201.—

Of the mind, insane, mad (cf. alieno and alienatio):

Neque solum illis aliena mens erat, qui conscii conjurationis fuerant,

Sall. C. 37, 1 Herz.—

Subst.

ălĭēnus, i, m., a stranger.

One not belonging to one's house, family, or country:

apud me cenant alieni novem,

Plaut. Stich. 3, 2, 21:

ut non ejectus ad alienos, sed invitatus ad tuos īsse videaris,

Cic. Cat. 1, 9, 23:

quas copias proximis suppeditari aequius est, eas transferunt ad alienos,

id. Off. 1, 14: cives potiores quam peregrini, propinqui quam alieni, id. Am. 5, 19:

quasi ad alienos durius loquebatur,

Vulg. Gen. 42, 7:

a filiis suis an ab alienis?

ib. Matt. 17, 24:

cives potiores quam peregrini, propinqui quam alieni,

Cic. Lael. 5:

quod alieno testimonium redderem, in eo non fraudabo avum meum,

Vell. 2, 76.—

One not related to a person or thing:

in longinquos, in propinquos, in alienos, in suos irruebat,

Cic. Mil. 28, 76:

vel alienissimus rusticae vitae, naturae benignitatem miretur,

Col. 3, 21, 3.—

ălĭēnum, i, n., the property of a stranger:

Haec erunt vilici officia: alieno manum abstineant, etc.,

Cato, R. R. 5, 1:

alieno abstinuit,

Suet. Tit. 7:

ex alieno largiri,

Cic. Fam. 3, 8, 8; so,

de alieno largiri,

Just. 36, 3, 9:

alieni appetens, sui profugus,

Sall. C. 5; Liv. 5, 5:

in aliena aedificium exstruere,

Cic. Mil. 27, 74 (cf.:

in alieno solo aedificare,

Dig. 41, 1, 7).— Plur.,

The property of a stranger:

quid est aliud aliis sua eripere, aliis dare aliena?

Cic. Off. 2, 23; Liv. 30, 30: aliena pervadere, a foreign (in opp. to the Roman) province, Amm. 23, 1.—

The affairs or interests of strangers: Men. Chreme, tantumue ab re tuast oti tibi, aliena ut cures, ea, quae nihil ad te attinent. Chrem. Homo sum;

humani nihil a me alienum puto,

Ter. Heaut. 1, 1, 23:

aliena ut melius videant quam sua,

id. ib. 3, 1, 95.—

Things strange, foreign, not belonging to the matter in hand:

Quod si hominibus bonarum rerum tanta cura esset, quanto studio aliena ac nihil profutura multumque etiam periculosa petunt, etc.,

Sall. J. 1, 5; hence, aliena loqui, to talk strangely, wildly, like a crazy person:

Quin etiam, sic me dicunt aliena locutum, Ut foret amenti nomen in ore tuum,

Ov. Tr. 3, 19:

interdum in accessione aegros desipere et aliena loqui,

Cels. 3, 18 (v. alieniloquium).

► Comp. rare, but sup. very freq.; no adv. in use.

ăd-opto, āvi, ātum, 1, v. a., to take to one's self by wish, choice (optando); to choose, select.

In gen.:

sociam te mihi adopto ad meam salutem,

Plaut. Cist. 4, 2, 78:

qui manstutorem me adoptavit bonis,

who has chosen me as a guardian of his property, id. Truc. 4, 4, 6:

quem sibi illa (provincia) defensorem sui juris adoptavit,

Cic. Div. in Caecin. 16 fin.: eum sibi patronum, id ib. 20, 64: quem potius adoptem aut invocem, Vatin. ap. Cic. Fam. 5, 9: Frater, Pater, adde; Ut cuique est aetas, ita quemque facetus adopta (i. e. adscisce, adjunge, sc. tuo alloquio, Cruqu.), make him by thy greeting a father, brother, etc., i. e. call him, Hor. Ep. 1, 6, 55:

Etruscas Turnus adoptat opes,

strives after, Ov. F. 4, 880.—Hence: adoptare se alicui, to give or attach one's self to:

qui se potentiae causā Caesaris libertis adoptāsset,

Plin. 12, 1, 5, § 12.—

Esp. as t. t., to take one in the place of a child or grandchild, to adopt (diff. from arrogo; v. adoptio).

Lit., constr. with aliquem, also with ab aliquo aliquem (from the real father, a patre naturali), Plaut. Poen. prol. 74 (cf. id. ib. 4, 2, 82):

adoptat illum puerum subreptitium sibi filium,

id. Men. prol. 60:

filium senatorem populum Romanum sibi velle adoptare,

Cic. Dom. 14:

adoptatus patricius a plebeio,

id. Att. 7, 7:

is qui hunc minorem Scipionem a Paulo adoptavit,

id. Brut. 19, 77:

adoptavit eum heredemque fecit ex dodrante,

Nep. Att. 5, 2:

adoptatus testamento,

Suet. Tib. 6: adoptari a se Pisonem pronuntiat, Tac. H. 1, 18:

Pisonem pro contione adoptavit,

Suet. Galb. 17:

quem illa adoptavit,

Vulg. Exod. 2, 10.—With in and acc.:

in regnum,

Sall. J. 22, 3:

in familiam nomenque,

Suet. Caes. 83:

in successionem,

Just. 9, 2.—

Fig.:

servi in bona libertatis nostrae adoptantur,

are, as it were, adopted into freedom, are made participants of freedom, Flor. 3, 20;

and of ingrafting (cf. adoptivus): venerit insitio: fac ramum ramus adoptet,

Ov. R. Am. 195; so Col. 10, 38. Those who were adopted commonly received the family name of the adoptive father, with the ending -anus, e. g. Aemilianus, Pomponianus, etc.—Hence Cic. says ironic. of one who appropriated to himself the name of another:

ipse se adoptat: et C. Stalenus, qui se ipse adoptaverat et de Staleno Aelium fecerat,

had changed himself from a Stalenus to an Ælius, Brut. 68, 241; and Vitruv.: Zoilus qui adoptavit cognomen, ut Homeromastix vocitaretur, had himself called, 7, 8. So:

ergo aliquod gratum Musis tibi nomen adopta,

Mart. 6, 31; in Pliny, very often, adoptare aliquid (also with the addition of nomine suo or in nomen), to give a thing its name: Baetis Oceanum Atlanticum, provinciam adoptans, petit, while it gives to the province the name (Baetica). Plin. 3, 1, 3, § 9:

A Zmyrna Hermus campos facit et nomini suo adoptat,

id. 5, 29, 31, § 119;

so 25, 3, 7, § 22: in nomen,

id. 37, 3, 12, § 50; so also Statius, Theb. 7, 259.

albus, a, um, adj. [cf. Umbr. alfu and Sab. alpus = white; alphos = white rash; O. H. Germ. Elbiz = a swan; to this have been referred also Alba Longa, Albunea, Alpes from their snowy summits (Paul. ex Fest. p. 4 Müll.), Albion from its chalky cliffs, Alpheios, and Albis = Elbe], white (properly dead white, not shining; e. g. hair, complexion, garments, etc., opp. ater, black that is without lustre; while candidus denotes a glistening, dazzling white, opp. niger, shining black.—Hence, trop., albus and ater, a symbol of good or ill fortune; on the other hand, candidus and niger of moral worth or unworthiness; cf. Doed. Syn. III. 193 sq.—So Serv. ad Verg. G. 3, 82: aliud est candidum, i. e. quādam nitenti luce perfusum esse; aliud album, quod pallori constat esse vicinum; cf. Verg. E. 7, 38: Candidior cycnis, hederā formosior albā, with id. ib. 3, 39: diffusos hederā vestit pallente corymbos; but this distinction is freq. disregarded by the poets).

Lit.

In gen.:

barba,

Plaut. Bacch. 5, 1, 15:

corpus,

id. Capt. 3, 4, 115:

color albus praecipue decorus deo est, maxime in textili,

Cic. Leg. 2, 18, 45: albus calculus, the small white stone used in voting, as a sign of acceding to the opinion of any one, or of the acquittal of one who is under accusation (opp. ater calculus;

v. calculus).— Hence, trop.: alicui rei album calculum adicere,

to allow, approve of, authorize, Plin. Ep. 1, 2, 5.—In Enn. an epithet of the sun and moon: sol, Enn. ap. Cic. Div. 1, 48, 107 (Ann. v. 92 Vahl.): jubar Hyperionis, Enn. ap. Prisc. p. 658 P. (Ann. v. 547 ib.).—The following are examples of the opposition of albus and niger (instead of ater) as exceptions to the gen. rule; so always in Lucr. (who also uses albus and candidus or candens promiscuously), 2, 810; 822 sqq.; 731 sq.; 790; 767-771. Once in Cic.: quae alba sint, quae nigra dicere, Div. 2, 3; so Phaedr. 3, 15, 10; Ov. M. 2, 541; cf. with id. ib. 2, 534 and 535; also id. ib. 12, 403; 15, 46; id. H. 15, 37 al.:

albi et nigri velleris,

Vulg. Gen. 30, 35:

non potes unum capillum album facere aut nigrum,

ib. Matt. 5, 36.—

Esp.

Pale, from sickness, terror, care, and the like:

aquosus albo Corpore languor, of dropsical persons,

Hor. C. 2, 2, 15:

pallor,

id. Epod. 7, 15:

vivat et urbanis albus in officiis,

pale from the cares of his public office, Mart. 1, 56 fin. et saep. —

Of clothing, white: alba decent Cererem;

vestes Cerealibus albas Sumite,

Ov. F. 4, 619:

vidit duos Angelos in albis,

Vulg. Joan. 20, 12; ib. Apoc. 3, 4.—Hence, poet. transf. to the person, clothed in white, Hor. S. 1, 2, 36: pedibus qui venerat albis, who had come with white feet, i. e. marked with chalk, as for sale, Juv. 1, 111 (cf. gypsatus and also Plin. 35, 17, 58, §§ 199-201; Mayor ad 1. 1.).—

Prov. phrases.

Dentibus albis deridere, to deride one by laughing so as to show the teeth, for to deride much, Plaut. Ep. 3, 3, 48 (cf. id. Capt. 3, 1, 26).—

Albus an ater sit, nescio or non curo, I know not, care not whether he is white or black, i. e. he is entirely indifferent to me:

vide, quam te amārit is, qui albus aterve fueris ignorans, fratris filium praeteriit,

Cic. Phil. 2, 16:

unde illa scivit, ater an albus nascerer,

Phaedr. 3, 15, 10; Cat. 93, 2; cf. Quint. 11, 1, 38.—

Albo rete aliquid oppugnare, to attack or seize upon something with a white net, i. e. in a delicate, skilful manner:

qui hic albo rete aliena oppugnant bona,

Plaut. Pers. 1, 2, 22 (so the passage seems to be more simply explained than acc. to the opinion of Gron.: qui albo (by the register of the prætor) tamquam rete, which omission of the tamquam is a Horatian, but not a Plautinian idiom). —

Albā lineā aliquid signare, to make a white line upon a white ground, i. e. to make no distinction: et amabat omnes, nam ut discrimen non facit... signat linea alba, Lucil. ap. Non. 282, 28 (where the common editions have neque before signare, which gives the expression a directly opposite sense): albā, ut dicitur, lineā sine curā discriminis convertebant, Gell. praef. 11.—

Alba avis, a white sparrow, for something rare, uncommon, strange:

quasi avem albam videntur bene sentientem civem videre,

Cic. Fam. 7, 28 (quasi novum quiddam; proverbium ex eo natum, quia rarae aves albae, Manut. ad h. 1.).—

Filius albae gallinae, fortune's favorite child, Juv. 13, 141, prob. an allusion to the miracle that happened to Livia in regard to a white hen, v. Plin. 15, 30, 40; Suet. Galb. 1 (Ruperti ad h. 1, refers this expression to the unfruitfulness of a white hen, and conpares Col. R. R. 8, 2, 7).—

Equis albis praecurrere aliquem, to excel, surpass one, Hor. S. 1, 7, 8 (the figure being drawn from the white horses attached to a triumphal chariot; cf. Suet. Ner. 25; id. Dom. 2).—

Trop.

Favorable, fortunate, propitious:

simul alba nautis Stella refulsit,

i. e. the twin-star Castor, favorable to sailors, Hor. C. 1, 12, 27:

dies,

Sil. 15, 53:

sint omnia protinus alba,

Pers. 1, 110.—

Poet. and act., of the wind, making clear or bright, dispersing the clouds; hence, dry:

Notus,

Hor. C. 1, 7, 15 (as a transl. of the Gr. leukonotos):

iapyx,

id. ib. 3, 27, 19 (cf.:

clarus aquilo,

Verg. G. 1, 460).—Whence,

album, i, n., whiteness.

White color, white:

maculis insignis et albo,

Verg. G. 3, 56;

sparsis pellibus albo,

id. E. 2, 41:

columnas polire albo,

to make white, whiten, Liv. 40, 51.—Hence,